Black Carbon and Warming: It’s Worse than We Thought Along the way, black carbon exerts all sorts of influences, some of which help warm the atmosphere and some of which cool it. When sunlight strikes black carbon, its dark hue causes it to heat up, something like the way a black tar roof gets hot on a sunny day. When black carbon falls on ice and snow, it smudges their bright white reflective surfaces. As a result, less sunlight bounces back out to space, leading to more warming. In clouds, black carbon has a dazzling number of effects. “The more we study it, the more mechanisms people find,” says Doherty. If black carbon heats up the layer of the atmosphere where clouds are forming, for example, they will evaporate. They can no longer reflect sunlight back into space, and so the soot-laced clouds end up warming the atmosphere. But black carbon that hangs above low-lying stratocumulus clouds has a different effect. It stabilizes the layer of air on top of the clouds, promoting their growth. It just so happens that thick stratocumulus clouds are like shields, blocking incoming sunlight. As a result, black carbon also ends up cooling the planet. Diesel fuel looks to be an especially ripe target. “That message is loud and clear,” says Ramanathan. Making diesel an even more attractive candidate for attack is the fact that reducing much of its black carbon emissions might simply be a matter of upgrading old, soot-spewing engines with newer technology. Developing countries, in particular, could put in place regulations about burning diesel to upgrade their rapidly growing auto fleets. e360.yale.edu/feature/carl_zimmer_black_carbon_and_global_warming_worse_than_thought/2611/ ------ Carbon black and soot: two different substances. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/... National Center for Biotechnology Information by AY Watson - 2001 - Cited by 55 - Related articles Unfortunately, the terms carbon black and soot often have been used interchangeably; however, carbon black is physically and chemically distinct from soot. FLAT OUT LIE. https://facebook/photo.php?fbid=666681616716836&set=pb.100001250107977.-2207520000.1396373003.&type=3&theater Essentially carbon blacks are the pure soot, and produced by pyrolysis of carbonaceous industrial waster. -Masaki Ozawa and Eiji Ōsawa, NanoCarbon Research Institute ------ [PDF] Climate Engineering isnap.nd.edu/Lectures/.../Lecture_13_The_Greenhouse_Effect-2.pdf Cloud seeding and whitening d. ( l ) h. l d. Generating condensation points (aerosols) in atmosphere generates clouds. If condensation particles are small, cloud ... isnap.nd.edu/Lectures/phys20054/Lecture_13_The_Greenhouse_Effect-2.pdf https://facebook/photo.php?fbid=696349413750056&set=pb.100001250107977.-2207520000.1396372627.&type=3&theater ------ There is an especially high potential for this in the boundary layer over tropical oceans and in the formation of cirrus clouds and the consequent alteration of the tropospheric IR energy budget. If dispersed in sizes 0.1 m, solar energy absorption amounts as high as 2 × 1010 cal lb1 per 10 h or about 4 × 1011 cal per dollar per 10 h can be obtained. It appears that it will be possible to manufacture ~0.1PM size carbon particles directly from liquid petroleum products (i.e., hydrocarbons) on aircraft or from ship or land surface sites. Section 2 discusses how it is possible to obtain about 50% mass yield of small carbon particles directly from the burning of liquid hydrocarbons. It is proposed that carbon be directly generated in the desired size range and dispersed at the places where modification is desired without storing. This prevents handling and clumping problems. Feasibility studies are in progress to determine the best methods of manufacture. It is highly desirable that the carbon particles be manufactured at individual dispersion sites. Liquid petroleum can be much more easily handled and dispersed than can solid carbon dust purchased from the factory. Once formed by burning, the mechanical turbulence of the atmosphere and the extra convection induced by the solar absorption will mix the air of the seeded area so as to promote sufficient horizontal spread of the particles. https://facebook/photo.php?fbid=710417475676583&set=pb.100001250107977.-2207520000.1396372616.&type=3&theater https://facebook/photo.php?fbid=710415575676773&set=pb.100001250107977.-2207520000.1396372616.&type=3&theater digitool.library.colostate.edu///exlibris/dtl/d3_1/apache_media/L2V4bGlicmlzL2R0bC9kM18xL2FwYWNoZV9tZWRpYS8yNzI2.pdf journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0450(1976)015%3C0355%3AWMBCDA%3E2.0.CO%3B2 adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976JApMe..15..355G https://google/search?q=weather+modification+by+carbon+dust+absorption&oq=weather+modification+by+carbon+dust+absorption&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i61j69i59.880j0j9&sourceid=chrome&espv=210&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8 ------ It appears that it will be possible to manufacture ~0.1PM size carbon particles directly from liquid petroleum products (i.e., hydrocarbons) on aircraft or from ship or land surface sites. Once formed by burning, the mechanical turbulence of the atmosphere and the extra convection induced by the solar absorption will mix the air of the seeded area so as to promote sufficient horizontal spread of the particles. https://facebook/photo.php?fbid=666681616716836&set=pb.100001250107977.-2207520000.1396373003.&type=3&theater Carbon Blacks as the Source Materials for Carbon Nanotechnology 2.Review of soot and carbon blacks Carbon blacks are the established industrial intermediates. Taking a number of distinguished features including inexhaustible starting material Essentially carbon blacks are the pure soot, and produced by pyrolysis of carbonaceous industrial waster. nano-carbon.jp/skins/mysite/upfile/23.pdf --- to manufacture ~0.1PM size carbon particles directly from liquid petroleum products (i.e., hydrocarbons) Based in Rochester, NY, Cerion Energy enjoys strong relationships with corporate and academic research facilities, such as Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), *Cornell University*, Alfred University, Clarkson University, Saint Lawrence University, Dartmouth University, and Eastman Kodak Company. The foundation of Cerion’s growing patent portfolio is a two-and-one-half nanometer (2.5 nm) nanoparticle. By working to optimize the capability of these nanoparticles for improved reactivity, Cerion has become the leading developer and supplier of technologically advanced diesel fuel additives. The Problem GO2 addresses a common design limitation of a diesel engine: uneven distribution of oxygen and fuel, which limits engine performance. Unlike gasoline engines, fuel is not pre-mixed with air in diesel engines, thereby resulting in areas of high and low oxygen concentration in the engine chamber. In areas of high oxygen concentration, the combustion creates NOX. In areas of low concentration, the resulting combustion creates un-burned hydrocarbons (soot). This uneven distribution of oxygen limits the maximum work output the engine can generate during each combustion cycle. GO2 Nanoparticle Function Our nanoparticles have been engineered to act as a carrier and distributor of oxygen. Each nanoparticle is comprised of 480 atoms, (of which 160 are a Cerium catalyst), and 320 atoms of oxygen (of which 160 are located on the surface of the nanoparticle). cerionenergy/articles/24# - Okay the purpose to this GO2 fuel additive? Efficient burning. They WANT those hydrocarbons to burn to produce more efficient Carbon Black dust absorption from black carbon soot! Diesel fuel looks to be an especially ripe target. “That message is loud and clear,” says Ramanathan. Making diesel an even more attractive candidate for attack is the fact that reducing much of its black carbon emissions might simply be a matter of upgrading old, soot-spewing engines with newer technology. It appears that it will be possible to manufacture ~0.1PM size carbon particles directly from liquid petroleum products (i.e., hydrocarbons) on aircraft or from ship or land surface sites. Once formed by burning, the mechanical turbulence of the atmosphere and the extra convection induced by the solar absorption will mix the air of the seeded area so as to promote sufficient horizontal spread of the particles. Essentially carbon blacks are the pure soot, and produced by pyrolysis of carbonaceous industrial waster. __________________
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