“Building” means any structure built for permanent use as a house, factory, etc., which is valued separately for general property tax purposes. A structure that has been subdivided into multiple ownership units, such as office condominiums, is still considered one building unless the subdivision occurred more than twenty years ago. A single business entity consisting of related structures on the same site, such as an old motor court, that is valued as one unit for property tax purposes will be considered one building. Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. The vast majority of building construction projects are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project. However, all building construction projects include some elements in common - design, financial, and legal considerations. Many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigatios reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome. Building construction is procured privately or publicly utilizing various delivery methodologies, including hard bid, negotiated price, traditional, management contracting, construction management-at-risk, design & build and design-build bridging. COMMERCIAL BUILDING Through field studies in large commercial buildings and reviews of building plans, we investigated the effective leakage areas (ELAs), air-leakage rates, and conduction heat gains of duct systems. Different methods for measuring air-leakage rates were also compared. ELAs of supply ducts ranged from 0.4 to 2.0 cm2 per square meter of floor area served, and from 1.0 to 4.8 cm2 per square meter of duct surface area. On a per-unit-floor-area basis, these duct ELAs are comparable to the values measured in residences. The corresponding values of duct leakage class were 60 to 270, much higher than the range of 3 to 12 reported by ASHRAE [ASHRAE Standard 111-1988, Practices for Measurement, Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing of Building Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Systems, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 1988] as attainable for quality duct construction and sealing practices when leakage at connections to duct-mounted equipment is not considered. The measured air-leakage rates as a percentage of the inlet air flow rate varied from 0% to 30%, with most of the measurements falling between 10% and 20%. Large inconsistencies among the air-leakage rates determined from different measurement procedures exemplify the need for further development and evaluation of measurement methods. Heat gains between the outlet of the cooling coils and the supply registers caused supply air temperatures to increase, on average, by 0.6°C to 2°C. The corresponding values of conduction effectiveness were 0.75 to 0.90; thus, heat conduction decreased the cooling capacity of the supply air exiting registers by 10% to 25%. Because these results are based on studies in only a few buildings, generalizations from these findings are premature. An analysis of the effects of managerial actions on the objectives of reducing time, reducing cost and increasing quality is undertaken. This approach is proposed as contributing to a rationale for action in the building process. A sample of 25 high-rise office buildings was used to test this theory and the results analysed by partial correlations and multiple regression. Increases in construction planning during design and co-ordination across the design-construction interface are shown to have very strong effects on reducing construction time and increases in the former variable, which also included aspects of value analysis, reduce the cost of the building. However, increases in variations to the contract, the complexity of the building, the number of storeys and the extent of industrial disputes are shown to strongly increase construction time. At the same time the building cost is increased by increasing variations to the contract, the architectural quality and the number of nominated sub-contractors. Increases in architectural quality are shown to occur through generating more alternative designs, increasing the cost per square metre and planning the construction process as part of the design, the last of which included some value analysis. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Residential area is a type of land use where the predominant use is housing. In areas that are zoned residential, buildings may include single family housing, multiple family housing such as (apartments, duplexes, townhomes (or similar configurations), condominiums) or mobile homes. Zoning for residential use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business and industry. It may permit high density land use or only permit low density uses. Residential zoning usually includes a smaller FAR than business, commercial or industrial/manufacturing zoning. In certain situations residential areas may consist of quite large tracts of land which have no services whatsoever requiring a trip to town in order to fulfill basic needs. Because of the large distances involved most of these numerous trips involve using a motor vehicle. In the case of a land development the pattern of development is usually set forth in the restrictive covenants contained in the deeds to the properties in the development, but may also result from or be reinforced by zoning. Restrictive covenants are not easily changed as the agreement of all property owners (many of whom may not live in the area) may need to be obtained to effect a change.
Posted on: Wed, 05 Mar 2014 13:21:12 +0000
Trending Topics
Recently Viewed Topics
© 2015