CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN ADDITIVES (3) About 750 chemicals have been listed as additives for hydraulic fracturing in a report to the US Congress in 2011 (5). The following is a list of the different types of additives that are used in fracturing operations, as indicated by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (7). Classes of Additives↓ Purpose↓ Examples↓ Acid Facilitates entry into rock formations hydrochloric acid Biocides Kill bacteria and reduce risk of fouling glutaraldehyde, 2,2 Dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide Breaker Facilitate proppant entry peroxodisulfates Clay stabilizer Clay stabilization salts, ie tetramethylammonium chloride Corrosion inhibitor Well maintenance methanol Crosslinker Facilitate proppant entry potassium hydroxide Friction reducers Improve surface pressure sodium acrylate, polyacrylamide Gelling agents Proppant placement guar gum Iron control Well maintenance citric acid, thioglycolic acid Scale inhibitor Prevention of precipitation ammonium chloride, ethylene glycol, polyaccrylate Surfactant Reduction in fluid tension methanol, isopropanol
Posted on: Thu, 07 Nov 2013 20:13:26 +0000
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