Denmark[edit] Main article: Occupation of Denmark Kingdom of Denmark Denmark was occupied by Germany after April 1940 but never joined the Axis. On 31 May 1939, Denmark and Germany signed a treaty of non-aggression, which did not contain any military obligations for either party.[119] On April 9, 1940, citing the intended laying of mines in Norwegian and Danish waters as a pretext, Germany invaded both countries. King Christian X and the Danish government, worried about German bombings if they resisted occupation, accepted protection by the Reich in exchange for nominal independence under German military occupation. Three successive Prime Ministers, Thorvald Stauning, Vilhelm Buhl, and Erik Scavenius, maintained this samarbejdspolitik (cooperation policy) of collaborating with Germany. Denmark coordinated its foreign policy with Germany, extending diplomatic recognition to Axis collaborator and puppet regimes, and breaking diplomatic relations with the governments-in-exile formed by countries occupied by Germany. Denmark broke diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941.[120] In 1941 a Danish military corps, the Frikorps Danmark, was created at the initiative of the SS and the Danish Nazi Party, to fight alongside the Wehrmacht on Germanys Eastern Front. The governments following statement was widely interpreted as a sanctioning of the corps.[121] Frikorps Danmark was open to members of the Danish Royal Army and those who had completed their service within the last ten years.[122] Between 4,000 and 10,000 Danish citizens joined the Frikorps Danmark, including 77 officers of the Royal Danish Army. An estimated 3,900 of these soldiers died fighting for Germany during the Second World War.[citation needed] Denmark transferred six torpedo boats to Germany in 1941, although the bulk of its navy remained under Danish command until the declaration of martial law in 1943.[citation needed] Denmark supplied agricultural and industrial products to Germany as well as loans for armaments and fortifications. The German presence in Denmark, including the construction of the Danish part of the Atlantic Wall fortifications, was paid from an account in Denmarks central bank, Nationalbanken. The Danish government had been promised that these costs would be repaid, but this never happened. The construction of the Atlantic Wall fortifications in Jutland cost 5 billion Danish kroner.[citation needed] The Danish protectorate government lasted until 29 August 1943, when the cabinet resigned following a declaration of martial law by occupying German military officials. From then on, Denmark officially joined the Allies. Germany declared war on Denmark and attacked the Danish military bases, which led to 13 Danish soldiers dying in the fighting. The Danish navy scuttled 32 of its larger ships to prevent their use by Germany. Germany seized 14 larger and 50 smaller vessels, and later raised and refitted 15 of the sunken vessels. During the scuttling of the Danish fleet, a number of vessels attempted an escape to Swedish waters, and 13 vessels succeeded, four of which were larger ships.[123][124] By the autumn of 1944, these ships officially formed a Danish naval flotilla in exile.[125] In 1943 Swedish authorities allowed 500 Danish soldiers in Sweden to train as police troops. By the autumn of 1944, Sweden raised this number to 4,800 and recognized the entire unit as a Danish military brigade in exile.[126] Danish collaboration continued on an administrative level, with the Danish bureaucracy functioning under German command. Active resistance to the German occupation among the populace, negligible before 1943, increased after the declaration of martial law. The intelligence operations of the Danish resistance were described as second to none by Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery after the liberation of Denmark.[127] Vichy France[edit] France during the war; Occupied and annexed zones by Germany in shades of red, Italian occupation zones in shades of green, Free zone in blue. The non-occupied part of France and a large part of its colonial empire, known as the Vichy regime of Marshal Philippe Pétain, it collaborated with the Axis from June 1940 until November 1942, when the whole of France was occupied by Germany. The German invasion army entered Paris on 14 June 1940, following the battle of France. Pétain became the last Prime Minister of the French Third Republic on 16 June 1940. He sued for peace with Germany and on 22 June 1940, the Vichy government concluded an armistice with Hitler. Under the terms of the agreement, Germany occupied two-thirds of France, including Paris. Pétain was permitted to keep an armistice army of 100,000 men within the unoccupied southern zone. This number included neither the army based in the French colonial empire nor the French fleet. In Africa the Vichy regime was permitted to maintain 127,000. [128] The French also maintained substantial garrisons at the French-mandated territory of Syria and Greater Lebanon, the French colony of Madagascar, and in French Somaliland. After the armistice, relations between the Vichy French and the British quickly worsened. Fearful that the powerful French fleet might fall into German hands, the British launched several naval attacks, the most notable of which was against the Algerian harbour of Mers el-Kebir on 3 July 1940. Though Churchill defended his controversial decision to attack the French Fleet, the action deteriorated greatly the relations between France and Britain. German propaganda trumpeted these attacks as an absolute betrayal of the French people by their former allies. Philippe Pétain (left) meeting with Hitler in October 1940. On 10 July 1940, Pétain was given emergency full powers by a majority vote of the French National Assembly. The following day approval of the new constitution by the Assembly effectively created the French State (lÉtat Français), replacing the French Republic with the government unofficially called Vichy France, after the resort town of Vichy, where Pétain maintained his seat of government. This continued to be recognised as the lawful government of France by the neutral United States until 1942, while the United Kingdom recognised de Gaulles government-in-exile in London. Racial laws were introduced in France and its colonies and many French Jews were deported to Germany. Albert Lebrun, last President of the Republic, did not resign from the presidential office when he moved to Vizille on 10 July 1940. By 25 April 1945, during Pétains trial, Lebrun argued that he thought he would be able to return to power after the fall of Germany, since he had not resigned.[129] Personal flag of Philippe Pétain, Chief of State of Vichy France. In September 1940, Vichy France was forced to allow Japan occupy French Indochina, a federation of French colonial possessions and protectorates encompassing modern day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The Vichy regime continued to administer them under Japanese military occupation. French Indochina was the base for the Japanese invasions of Thailand, Malaya, and the Dutch East Indies. In 1945, under Japanese sponsorship, the Empire of Vietnam and the Kingdom of Kampuchea were proclaimed as Japanese puppet states. On 26 September 1940, de Gaulle led an attack by Allied forces on the Vichy port of Dakar in French West Africa. Forces loyal to Pétain fired on de Gaulle and repulsed the attack after two days of heavy fighting, drawing Vichy France closer to Germany. During the Anglo–Iraqi War of May 1941, Vichy France allowed Germany and Italy to use air bases in the French mandate of Syria to support the Iraqi revolt. British and Free French forces attacked later Syria and Lebanon in June–July 1941, and in 1942 Allied forces took over French Madagascar. More and more colonies abandoned Vichy, joining the Free French territories of French Equatorial Africa, Polynesia, New Caledonia and others who had sided with de Gaulle from the start. In 1943 Vichy founded the Milice, a paramilitary force which assisted the Germans in rounding up opponents and Jews, as well as fighting the French Resistance. However, Hitler never accepted that France could become a full military partner, [130] and constantly prevented the buildup of Vichys military strength; instead the Germans recruited volunteers in units independent of Vichy. Partly as a result of the great animosity of many right-wingers against the pre-war Front Populaire, volunteers joined the German forces in their anti-communist crusade against the URSS. Almost 7,000 joined Légion des Volontaires Français (LVF) from 1941 to 1944, and some 7,500 formed the Division Charlemagne, a Waffen-SS unit, from 1944 to 1945. Both the LVF and the Division Charlemagne fought on the eastern front. In November 1942 Vichy French troops briefly resisted the landing of Allied troops in French North Africa, until Admiral François Darlan negotiated a local ceasefire with the Allies. In response to the landings and Vichys refusal to defend itself against all sides, German troops occupied the Free Zone in southern France and ended Vichy France as an entity with any kind of autonomy. In mid-1943, the last formerly Vichy-loyal colonial authorities in French North Africa came to an agreement with the Free French and set up a temporary French government in Algiers, known as the French Committee of National Liberation (Comité Français de Libération Nationale, CFLN), initially led by Darlan. After his assassination De Gaulle emerged as the French leader. The CFLN raised more troops and re-organised, re-trained and re-equipped the Free French military, in cooperation with Allied forces in preparation of future operations against Italy and the German Atlantic wall. Deprived of any military assets, territory or resources, the members of the Vichy government continued to fulfil their role as German puppets, being quasi-prisoners in the so-called Sigmaringen enclave in a castle in Baden-Württemberg at the end of the war in May 1945. Soviet Union[edit] See also: Soviet-German relations before 1941, German–Soviet Axis talks and Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact German and Soviet soldiers during the official transfer of Brest to Soviet control in front of picture of Stalin, in the aftermath of the invasion and partition of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939. Relations between the Soviet Union and the major Axis powers were generally hostile before 1938. In the Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union gave military aid to the Second Spanish Republic, against Spanish Nationalist forces, which were assisted by Germany and Italy. However, the Nationalist forces were victorious. The Soviets suffered another political defeat when their ally Czechoslovakia was partitioned and taken over by Germany in 1938-39. In 1938 and 1939, the USSR fought and defeated Japan in two separate border conflicts, at Lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol. The latter was a major Soviet victory that led the Japanese Army to avoid war with the Soviets and instead call for expansion south. In 1939 the Soviet Union considered forming an alliance with either Britain and France or with Germany. [131][132] When negotiations with Britain and France failed, they turned to Germany and signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939. Germany was now freed from the risk of war with the Soviets, and was assured a supply of oil. This included a secret protocol whereby the independent countries of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania were divided into spheres of interest of the parties. [52] The Soviet Union had been forced to cede Western Belarus and Western Ukraine to Poland after losing the Soviet-Polish War of 1919–1921, and the Soviet Union sought to regain those territories.[43] On 1 September, barely a week after the pact had been signed, Germany invaded Poland. The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east on 17 September and on 28 September signed a secret treaty with Nazi Germany to arrange coordination of fighting against Polish resistance. The Soviets targeted intelligence, entrepreneurs, and officers, committing a string of atrocities that culminated in the Katyn massacre and mass relocation to the Gulag in Siberia.[133] Soon thereafter, the Soviet Union occupied the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, [134][135] and annexed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina from Romania. The Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939, which started the Winter War. [136] Finnish defences prevented an all-out invasion, resulting in an interim peace, but Finland was forced to cede strategically important border areas near Leningrad. The Soviet Union provided material support to Germany in the war effort against Western Europe through a pair of commercial agreements, the first in 1939 and the second in 1940, which involved exports of raw materials (phosphates, chromium and iron ore, mineral oil, grain, cotton, and rubber). These and other export goods transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories allowed Germany to circumvent the British naval blockade. In October and November 1940, German-Soviet talks about the potential of joining the Axis took place in Berlin. [137][138] Joseph Stalin later personally countered with a separate proposal in a letter later in November that contained several secret protocols, including that the area south of Batum and Baku in the general direction of the Persian Gulf is recognized as the center of aspirations of the Soviet Union, referring to an area approximating present day Iraq and Iran, and a Soviet claim to Bulgaria. [138][139] Hitler never responded to Stalins letter. [140][141] Shortly thereafter, Hitler issued a secret directive on the eventual attempt to invade the Soviet Union. [139] [142] Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact by invading the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941.[53] That resulted in the Soviet Union becoming one of the main members of the Allies. Germany then revived its Anti-Comintern Pact, enlisting many European and Asian countries in opposition to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union and Japan remained neutral towards each other for most of the war by the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact. The Soviet Union ended the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact by invading Manchukuo on 8 August 1945, due to agreements reached at the Yalta Conference with Roosevelt and Churchill. Spain[edit] Main article: Spain in World War II Front row in order from left to right: Karl Wolff, Heinrich Himmler, Francisco Franco and Spains Foreign Minister Serrano Súñer in Madrid, October 1940. Francisco Franco (centre) and Serrano Súñer (left) meeting with Mussolini (right) in Bordighera, Italy in 1941. At Bordighera, Franco and Mussolini discussed the creation of a Latin Bloc.[91] Caudillo Francisco Francos Spanish State gave moral, economic, and military assistance to the Axis powers, while nominally maintaining neutrality. Franco described Spain as a member of the Axis and signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941 with Hitler and Mussolini. Members of the ruling Falange party in Spain held irredentist designs on Gibraltar. [143] Falangists also supported Spanish colonial acquisition of Tangier, French Morocco and northwestern French Algeria. [144] In addition, Spain held ambitions on former Spanish colonies in Latin America. [145] In June 1940 the Spanish government approached Germany to propose an alliance in exchange for Germany recognizing Spains territorial aims: the annexation of the Oran province of Algeria, the incorporation of all Morocco, the extension of Spanish Sahara southward to the twentieth parallel, and the incorporation of French Cameroons into Spanish Guinea. [146] In 1940 Spain invaded and occupied the Tangier International Zone, maintaining its occupation until 1945.[146] The occupation caused a dispute between Britain and Spain in November 1940; Spain conceded to protect British rights in the area and promised not to fortify the area. [146] The Spanish government secretly held expansionist plans towards Portugal that it made known to the German government. In a communiqué with Germany on 26 May 1942, Franco declared that Portugal should be annexed into Spain. [147] Franco had previously won the Spanish Civil War with the help of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Both were eager to establish another fascist state in Europe. Spain owed Germany over $212 million[citation needed] for supplies of matériel during the Spanish Civil War, and Italian combat troops had actually fought in Spain on the side of Francos Nationalists. From 1940 to 1941, Franco endorsed a Latin Bloc of Italy, Vichy France, Spain, and Portugal, with support from the Vatican in order to balance the countries powers to that of Germany.[91] Franco discussed the Latin Bloc alliance with Pétain of Vichy France in Montpellier, France in 1940, and with Mussolini in Bordighera, Italy.[91] When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Franco immediately offered to form a unit of military volunteers to join the invasion. This was accepted by Hitler and, within two weeks, there were more than enough volunteers to form a division – the Blue Division (División Azul) under General Agustín Muñoz Grandes. The possibility of Spanish intervention in World War II was of concern to the United States, which investigated the activities of Spains ruling Falange party in Latin America, especially Puerto Rico, where pro-Falange and pro-Franco sentiment was high, even amongst the ruling upper classes. [148] The Falangists promoted the idea of supporting Spains former colonies in fighting against American domination. [145] Prior to the outbreak of war, support for Franco and the Falange was high in the Philippines. [149] The Falange Exterior, the international department of the Falange, collaborated with Japanese forces against US forces in the Philippines through the Philippine Falange. [150] Yugoslavia[edit] Main articles: Yugoslav coup détat and Invasion of Yugoslavia The fascist Ustaše movement established the Independent State of Croatia over a large part of Yugoslavia after the invasion in 1941. Yugoslavia before 1941 On 25 March 1941, fearing that Yugoslavia would be invaded otherwise, Prince Paul signed the Tripartite Pact with significant reservations. Unlike other Axis powers, Yugoslavia was not obligated to provide military assistance, nor to provide its territory for Axis to move military forces during the war. Yugoslavias inclusion in the Axis was not openly welcomed; Italy did not desire Yugoslavia to be a partner in the Axis alliance because Italy had territorial claims on Yugoslavia. [151] Germany, on the other hand, initially wanted Yugoslavia to participate in Germanys then-planned Operation Marita in Greece by providing military access to German forces to travel from Germany through Yugoslavia to Greece. [151] Two days after signing the alliance in 1941, after demonstrations in the streets of Belgrade, Prince Paul was removed from office by a coup détat. Seventeen-year-old King Peter was declared to be of age, though he was not crowned nor anointed (a custom of the Serbian Orthodox Church). The new Yugoslavian government under King Peter II, still fearful of invasion, stated that it would remain bound by the Tripartite Pact. Hitler, however, suspected that the British were behind the coup against Prince Paul and vowed to invade the country. The German invasion began on 6 April 1941. Royal Yugoslav Army was thoroughly defeated in less than two weeks and an unconditional surrender was signed in Belgrade on 17 April. King Peter II and much of the Yugoslavian government had left the country because they did not want to cooperate with the Axis. Occupation and partition of Yugoslavia during World War II While Yugoslavia was no longer capable of being a member of the Axis, several Axis-aligned puppet states emerged after the kingdom was dissolved. Local governments were set up in Serbia, Croatia, and Montenegro. The remainder of Yugoslavia was divided among the other Axis powers. Germany annexed parts of Drava Banovina. Italy annexed south-western Drava Banovina, coastal parts of Croatia (Dalmatia and the islands), and attached Kosovo to Albania (occupied since 1939). Hungary annexed several border territories of Vojvodina and Baranja. Bulgaria annexed Macedonia and parts of southern Serbia. Further resistance in the Nazi-occupied country was not unified as ideologically opposed resistance groups like the Partisans and Chetniks formed and began making offensives in the Balkans. German, Japanese and Italian World War II cooperation[edit] German-Japanese Axis-cooperation[edit] Main article: German-Japanese relations Germanys and Italys declaration of war against the United States[edit] Hitler declaring war on the United States on 11 December 1941 Italian pilots of a Savoia-Marchetti SM.75 long-range cargo aircraft meeting with Japanese officials upon arriving in East Asia in 1942. On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the naval bases in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. According to the stipulation of the Tripartite Pact, Nazi Germany was required to come to the defense of her allies only if they were attacked. Since Japan had made the first move, Germany and Italy were not obliged to aid her until the United States counterattacked. Nevertheless, Hitler ordered the Reichstag to formally declare war on the United States. [152] Italy also declared war. Hitler made a speech in the Reichstag on 11 December, saying that: The fact that the Japanese Government, which has been negotiating for years with this man [President Roosevelt], has at last become tired of being mocked by him in such an unworthy way, fills us all, the German people, and all other decent people in the world, with deep satisfaction ... Germany and Italy have been finally compelled, in view of this, and in loyalty to the Tri-Partite Pact, to carry on the struggle against the U. S. A. and England jointly and side by side with Japan for the defense and thus for the maintenance of the liberty and independence of their nations and empires ... As a consequence of the further extension of President Roosevelts policy, which is aimed at unrestricted world domination and dictatorship, the U. S. A. together with England have not hesitated from using any means to dispute the rights of the German, Italian and Japanese nations to the basis of their natural existence ... Not only because we are the ally of Japan, but also because Germany and Italy have enough insight and strength to comprehend that, in these historic times, the existence or non-existence of the nations, is being decided perhaps forever.[153] German and Japanese direct spheres of influence at their greatest extents in Autumn 1942. Arrows show planned movements to an agreed demarcation line at 70° E, which was, however, never even approximated. Historian Ian Kershaw suggests that this declaration of war against the United States was one of the most disastrous mistakes made by the Axis powers, as it allowed the United States to join the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in war against Germany without any limitation. [154] Americans played a key role in the strategic bombardment of Germany and the invasion of the continent, ending German domination in Western Europe. The Germans were aware that the Americans had drawn up a series of war plans based on a plethora of scenarios, and expected war with the United States no later than 1943.[155] Hitler awarded Japanese ambassador to Nazi Germany Hiroshi Ōshima the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle (1st class) after the attack on Pearl Harbor. On this occasion he said: You gave the right declaration of war. This method is the only proper one. Japan pursued it formerly and it corresponds with his own system, that is, to negotiate as long as possible. But if one sees that the other is interested only in putting one off, in shaming and humiliating one, and is not willing to come to an agreement, then one should strike as hard as possible, and not waste time declaring war.[156] See also[edit] Axis leaders of World War II Axis of evil Axis power negotiations on the division of Asia during World War II Axis victory in World War II Expansion operations and planning of the Axis Powers Foreign relations of the Axis of World War II Greater Germanic Reich Imperial Italy Greater Japanese Empire Hakkō ichiu List of pro-Axis leaders and governments or direct control in occupied territories New Order (Nazism) Participants in World War II Zweites Buch Citations[edit] This article cites its sources but does not provide page references. You can help to improve it by introducing citations that are more precise. (September 2010) Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. P. 379 Jump up ^ Hakim 1995, p. [page needed]. ^ Jump up to: a b Sinor 1959, p. 291. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f MacGregor Knox. Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. 124. ^ Jump up to: a b c Christian Leitz. Nazi Foreign Policy, 1933-1941: The Road to Global War. p10. Jump up ^ MacGregor Knox. Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. 125. Jump up ^ Gerhard Schreiber, Bern Stegemann, Detlef Vogel. Germany and the Second World War. Oxford University Press, 1995. Pp. 113. Jump up ^ Gerhard Schreiber, Bern Stegemann, Detlef Vogel. Germany and the Second World War. Oxford University Press, 1995. P. 113. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m H. James Burgwyn. Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940. Wesport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. P. 68. Jump up ^ Iván T. Berend, Tibor Iván Berend. Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe Before World War 2. First paperback edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 2001. P. 310. Jump up ^ Christian Leitz. Nazi Foreign Policy, 1933–1941: The Road to Global War. Pp. 10. Jump up ^ H. James Burgwyn. Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940. Wesport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. P. 75. Jump up ^ H. James Burgwyn. Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940. Wesport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. P. 81. ^ Jump up to: a b H. James Burgwyn. Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940. Wesport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. P. 82. ^ Jump up to: a b c d H. James Burgwyn. Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940. Wesport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. P. 76. ^ Jump up to: a b c d H. James Burgwyn. Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940. Wesport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. P. 78. Jump up ^ Peter Neville. Mussolini. London, England: Routledge, 2004. P. 123. ^ Jump up to: a b Knickerbocker, H.R. (1941). Is Tomorrow Hitlers? 200 Questions On the Battle of Mankind. Reynal & Hitchcock. pp. 7–8. Jump up ^ Peter Neville. Mussolini. London, England: Routledge, 2004. Pp. 123. Jump up ^ Peter Neville. Mussolini. London, England: Routledge, 2004. Pp. 123–125. Jump up ^ Gordon Martel. Origins of Second World War Reconsidered: A. J. P. Taylor and Historians. Digital Printing edition. Routledge, 2003. Pp. 179. Jump up ^ Gordon Martel. Austrian Foreign Policy in Historical Context. New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA: Transaction Publishers, 2006. Pp. 179. Jump up ^ Peter Neville. Mussolini. London, England: Routledge, 2004. Pp. 125. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Adriana Boscaro, Franco Gatti, Massimo Raveri, (eds). Rethinking Japan. 1. Literature, visual arts & linguistics. P. 32. Jump up ^ Adriana Boscaro, Franco Gatti, Massimo Raveri, (eds). Rethinking Japan. 1. Literature, visual arts & linguistics. P. 33. Jump up ^ Adriana Boscaro, Franco Gatti, Massimo Raveri, (eds). Rethinking Japan. 1. Literature, visual arts & linguistics. P. 38. Jump up ^ Adriana Boscaro, Franco Gatti, Massimo Raveri, (eds). Rethinking Japan. 1. Literature, visual arts & linguistics. Pp. 39–40. Jump up ^ Hill 2003, p. 91. ^ Jump up to: a b Harrison 2000, p. 3. Jump up ^ Harrison 2000, p. 4. Jump up ^ Harrison 2000, p. 10. Jump up ^ Harrison 2000, p. 10, 25. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Harrison 2000, p. 20. Jump up ^ Harrison 2000, p. 19. Jump up ^ Lewis Copeland, Lawrence W. Lamm, Stephen J. McKenna. The Worlds Great Speeches: Fourth Enlarged (1999) Edition. Pp. 485. Jump up ^ Dr Richard L Rubenstein, John King Roth. Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust Amd Its Legacy. Louisville, Kentucky, USA: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003. P. 212. Jump up ^ Hitlers Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies. London, England: Routledge, 1939. P. 134. ^ Jump up to: a b Stephen J. Lee. Europe, 1890–1945. P. 237. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Peter D. Stachura. The Shaping of the Nazi State. P. 31. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Richard Blanke. Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918–1939. Lexington, Kentucky, USA: University Press of Kentucky, 1993. P. 215. ^ Jump up to: a b A. C. Kiss. Hague Yearbook of International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1989. ^ Jump up to: a b c William Young. German Diplomatic Relations 1871–1945: The Wilhelmstrasse and the Formulation of Foreign Policy. iUniverse, 2006. P. 266. ^ Jump up to: a b Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2004, Volume 4. London, England: Europa Publications, 2003. Pp. 138–139. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e William Young. German Diplomatic Relations 1871–1945: The Wilhelmstrasse and the Formulation of Foreign Policy. iUniverse, 2006. P. 271. ^ Jump up to: a b c Gabrielle Kirk McDonald. Documents and Cases, Volumes 1-2. The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2000. P. 649. ^ Jump up to: a b André Mineau. Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity. Rodopi, 2004. P. 36 Jump up ^ Rolf Dieter Müller, Gerd R. Ueberschär. Hitlers War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment. Berghahn Books, 2009. P. 89. Jump up ^ Bradl Lightbody. The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis. London, England; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2004. P. 97. Jump up ^ Geoffrey A. Hosking. Rulers And Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union. Harvard University Press, 2006 P. 213. Jump up ^ Catherine Andreyev. Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement: Soviet Reality and Emigré Theories. First paperback edition. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Pp. 53, 61. ^ Jump up to: a b Randall Bennett Woods. A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941–1946. University of North Carolina Press, 1990. P. 200. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 1939. ^ Jump up to: a b Roberts 2006, p. 82. Jump up ^ Command Magagzine. Hitlers Army: The Evolution and Structure of German Forces 1933–1945. P. 175. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Command Magagzine. Hitlers Army: The Evolution and Structure of German Forces 1933–1945. Da Capo Press, 1996. P. 175. ^ Jump up to: a b c Michael C. Thomsett. The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, The Underground, And Assassination Plots, 1938–1945. McFarland, 2007. P. 40. ^ Jump up to: a b Michael C. Thomsett. The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, The Underground, And Assassination Plots, 1938–1945. McFarland, 2007. P. 41. Jump up ^ Barak Kushner. The Thought War: Japanese Imperial Propaganda. University of Hawaii Press, P. 119. Jump up ^ Hilary Conroy, Harry Wray. Pearl Harbor Reexamined: Prologue to the Pacific War. University of Hawaii Press, 1990. P. 21. Jump up ^ Euan Graham. Japans sea lane security, 1940–2004: a matter of life and death? Oxon, England; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2006. Pp. 77. ^ Jump up to: a b c Daniel Marston. The Pacific War: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima. Osprey Publishing, 2011. Jump up ^ Hilary Conroy, Harry Wray. Pearl Harbor Reexamined: Prologue to the Pacific War. University of Hawaii Press, 1990. P. 60. Jump up ^ Dull 2007, p. 5. ^ Jump up to: a b c Asada 2006, pp. 275–276. Jump up ^ John Whittam. Fascist Italy. Manchester, England; New York, New York, USA: Manchester University Press. P. 165. Jump up ^ Michael Brecher, Jonathan Wilkenfeld. Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press, 1997. P. 109. Jump up ^ Reynolds Mathewson Salerno. Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940. Cornell University, 2002. p 82–83. ^ Jump up to: a b French Army breaks a one-day strike and stands on guard against a land-hungry Italy, LIFE, 19 Dec 1938. pp. 23. Jump up ^ *Rodogno, Davide (2006). Fascisms European Empire: Italian Occupation During the Second World War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–48. ISBN 978-0-521-84515-1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e John Lukacs. The Last European War: September 1939-December 1941. P. 116. ^ Jump up to: a b Jozo Tomasevich. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. P. 30–31. Jump up ^ Lowe & Marzari 2002, p. 289. ^ Jump up to: a b McKercher & Legault 2001, p. 40–41. ^ Jump up to: a b c d McKercher & Legault 2001, p. 41. Jump up ^ Samuel W. Mitcham, Jr.. Rommels Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps. Stackpole Books, 2007. P16. Jump up ^ McKercher & Legault 2001, pp. 38–40. ^ Jump up to: a b c McKercher & Legault 2001, p. 40. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Neville Wylie. European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents during the Second World War. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. 143. Jump up ^ Neville Wylie. European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents during the Second World War. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. 142=143. Jump up ^ Robert Mallett, Gert Sorensen. International Fascism, 1919-45. Routledge, 2002, 2011. P48. Jump up ^ Stephen L. W. Kavanaugh. Hitlers Malta Option: A Comparison of the Invasion of Crete (Operation Merkur) and the Proposed Invasion of Malta (Nimble Books LLC, 2010). p20. Jump up ^ Kavanaugh, Hitlers Malta Option p 21-22. Jump up ^ Robert Mallett, Gert Sorensen. International Fascism, 1919-45. Routledge, 2002, 2011. P49. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Aristotle A. Kallis. Fascist Ideology: Territory and Expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945 p. 175. Jump up ^ Deist, Wilhelm; Klaus A. Maier et al. (1990). Germany and the Second World War. Oxford University Press. p. 78. ^ Jump up to: a b c Mussolini Unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italys Last War. Pp. 284–285. Jump up ^ Patricia Knight. Mussolini and Fascism. Pp. 103. ^ Jump up to: a b Patricia Knight. Mussolini and Fascism. Routledge, 2003. P. 103. Jump up ^ Davide Rodogno. Fascisms European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2006. P. 30. Jump up ^ Patrick Allitt. Catholic Converts: British and American Intellectuals Turn to Rome. Ithaca, New York, USA: Cornell University, 1997. P. 228. ^ Jump up to: a b c d John Lukacs. The Last European War: September 1939-December 1941. Yale University Press, 2001. P. 364. ^ Jump up to: a b Davide Rodogno. Fascisms European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. 80–81. Jump up ^ Davide Rodogno. Fascisms European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2006. P. 31. Jump up ^ Peter Neville. Mussolini. Pp. 171. Jump up ^ Peter Neville. Mussolini. P. 171. Jump up ^ Peter Neville. Mussolini. P. 172. Jump up ^ Shirer 1960, p. 1131. Jump up ^ Senn 2007, p. [page needed]. Jump up ^ Seamus Dunn, T.G. Fraser. Europe and Ethnicity: The First World War and Contemporary Ethnic Conflict. Routledge, 1996. P97. Jump up ^ Montgomery 2002, p. [page needed]. Jump up ^ Thailand and the Second World War at the Wayback Machine (archived October 27, 2009) Jump up ^ Kirby 1979, p. 134. Jump up ^ Kent Forster, Finlands Foreign Policy 1940-1941: An Ongoing Historiographic Controversy, Scandinavian Studies (1979) 51#2 pp 109-123 Jump up ^ Kirby 1979, p. 120. Jump up ^ Kirby 1979, pp. 120–121. Jump up ^ Kennedy-Pipe 1995, p. [page needed]. Jump up ^ Kirby 1979, p. 123. Jump up ^ Seppinen 1983, p. [page needed]. Jump up ^ British Foreign Office Archive, 371/24809/461-556. Jump up ^ Jokipii 1987, p. [page needed]. Jump up ^ Jabārah 1985, p. 183. Jump up ^ Churchill, Winston (1950). The Second World War, Volume III, The Grand Alliance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, p.234; Kurowski, Franz (2005). The Brandenburger Commandos: Germanys Elite Warrior Spies in World War II. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Book. ISBN 978-0-8117-3250-5, 10: 0-8117-3250-9. p. 141 Jump up ^ Guillermo, Artemio R. (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Scarecrow Press. pp. 211, 621. ISBN 978-0-8108-7246-2. Retrieved 22 March 2013. Jump up ^ Abinales, Patricio N; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State And Society In The Philippines. State and Society in East Asia Series. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 160, 353. ISBN 978-0-7425-1024-1. Retrieved 22 March 2013. Jump up ^ Cullinane, Michael; Borlaza, Gregorio C.; Hernandez, Carolina G. Philippines. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved January 22, 2014. Jump up ^ Jasenovac United States Holocaust Memorial Museum web site Jump up ^ Sarner 1997, p. [page needed]. Jump up ^ org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205725.pdf Shoah Research Center – Albania Jump up ^ Den Dansk-Tyske Ikke-Angrebstraktat af 1939. Flådens Historie. (Danish) Jump up ^ Trommer, Aage. Denmark. The Occupation 1940–45. Foreign Ministry of Denmark. Archived from the original on 2006-06-18. Retrieved 2006-09-20. Jump up ^ Lidegaard 2003, pp. 461–463. Jump up ^ Danish Legion Military and Feldpost History. com/DanishFeldpost.htm Archived from the original on 11 October 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-20. Jump up ^ Søværnets mærkedage – August Jump up ^ Flåden efter 29 August 1943 Jump up ^ Den danske Flotille 1944–1945 Jump up ^ Den Danske Brigade DANFORCE – Den Danske Brigade DANFORCE Sverige 1943–45 Jump up ^ dk/temaer/befrielsen/jubel/index.html Jubel og glæde. befrielsen1945.dk. (Danish) Jump up ^ Bachelier 2000, p. 98. Jump up ^ Albert Lebruns biography, French Republic Presidential official website[dead link] Jump up ^ Paxton 1993. Jump up ^ Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997, pp. 112–120. Jump up ^ Shirer 1960, pp. 495–496. Jump up ^ yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/sesupp1.htm Jump up ^ Senn 2007, p. [page needed]. Jump up ^ Wettig 2008, pp. 20–21. Jump up ^ Kennedy-Pipe 1995, p. [page needed]. Jump up ^ Roberts 2006, p. 58. ^ Jump up to: a b Brackman 2001, p. 341–343. ^ Jump up to: a b Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997, pp. 202–205. Jump up ^ Donaldson & Nogee 2005, pp. 65–66. Jump up ^ Churchill 1953, pp. 520–521. Jump up ^ Roberts 2006, p. 59. Jump up ^ Wylie 2002, p. 275. Jump up ^ Rohr 2007, p. 99. ^ Jump up to: a b Bowen 2000, p. 59. ^ Jump up to: a b c Payne 1987, p. 269. Jump up ^ Preston 1994, p. 857. Jump up ^ Leonard & Bratzel 2007, p. 96.
Posted on: Mon, 09 Jun 2014 15:46:10 +0000
Trending Topics
Recently Viewed Topics
© 2015