FALKLAND ISLANDS Your Discovery: The Falkland Islands were first sighted in 1520 by the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan, seeking a passage to the Pacific Ocean. Esteban Gomez gave them the name of the ship he commanded: San Antón, which is why in ancient maps appear with the name Samson Islands circumvented when the t, Simon de Alcazaba de Camargo and Alonso visited them before 1540 and described in the Islario of Santa Cruz in 1541: East of the port of Julian Sanct ... fifty-one degrees of latitude. In those times they were known as Spanish names,-plus-San Anton, San Carlos Islands or Islas de Los Patos. The Malvinas were often confused with a supposed island called Pepina (nicknamed parofónicamente as Peypus by the British), but also have been called so imprecisely other isles of the South Atlantic. An old question Argentina: The Falkland Islands consist of two large islands, West Falkland and Soledad and 200 smaller islets. There are abundant hills, and cold, wet and windy weather does not permit the growth of árboles.Los Malvinas inhabitants engaged in sheep farming and wool production. The islands are a British dependency, always claimed by Argentina. John Davis, a British explorer and navigator could be the first European who discovered the islands in 1592. J. Strong England captain sailed through the strait separating the islands in 1690 and called Falkland name of a viscount (hence comes the English name). In 1764, French colonists from Saint Malo (hence the name derived or Malouines Malvinas) settled in East Falkland and English settlers did the same in the West. In 1770, Spain acquired the French side in 1774 and expelled the English invoking the Treaty of Tordesillas. The Argentina ended the Spanish dominion in 1816 and in 1820 claimed the sovereignty of the islands. In 1829, the city government created the political and military command over the islands Luis Vernet da designating as a starter, who did respect our sovereignty. In 1833, Britain regained control of the islands and said colony in 1892. In 1960, the United Nations (UN) invited the colonial countries to end colonialism. Britain pledged to descolonizarlas. With time and with the non-English compliance, the UN asked the governments of both countries to end the dispute through negotiation. The disagreement led to an armed conflict when the 2 April 1982 Argentine troops landed and occupied the island for 74 days; but on June 14 the British managed to win the second usurpation after the Falklands War. The military victory allowed justify the installation of a fortress in the Falklands a NATO base south Atlantic. Since the constitution of 1985, the islands are administered by a British governor even the British Parliament granted British citizenship to the inhabitants of the islands. Falklands remains as one of the last strongholds of European colonialism in America. Until 1985, South Georgia and South Sandwich islands were governed as a dependency of the Falklands. However, the new constitution made Georgia and Sandwich to become a separate British protectorate of Malvinas. Since 1990 the two countries resumed diplomatic relations. The Malvinas issue is not a matter to resolve border dispute but a territorial sovereignty. How to solve the old question? Regaining sovereignty in the Falkland Islands is a matter of state and not a subject of the government of the day; Today Argentinas political parties have united to fight; Malvinas is a matter that requires continuity. In late 1998, the Argentine foreign minister asked the United Nations to get involved in the issue Falklands as a mediator between London and Buenos Aires. Before solving the problem of sovereignty, must resolve other important issues such as lifting the ban on entry to the islands of Argentine citizens (settled in 1999); the restoration of communications and free transit. Recall that these prohibitions are in force since the Falklands War. For now, kelpers reject contact with Argentina but in recent times speak of future negotiations with Buenos Aires. The British directors ensured the islanders that negotiations between the two countries would be transparent and that they would be consulted before any decision Development War: On April 2, 1982, three days after mobilization in the Plaza de Mayo, about five thousand troops under General Mario Benjamin Menendez landed at Port Stanley, the capital of the Falkland Islands, since renamed Puerto Argentino. The forty-nine British marines who formed the small garrison in charge of the custody of the archipelago were captured and taken to Montevideo with Governor Rex Hunt. General Menendez became governor of the Falklands. Although for Argentina taking Falklands society was unexpected, the military plan was coming towards analyzing time. Britain had alerted the U.S. government when the invasion seemed imminent, which led to an unsuccessful last-minute appeal by U.S. President Ronald Reagan to Argentine President Galtieri. The British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher faced a serious political crisis, which led to the immediate resignation of Foreign Secretary, Lord Carrington. Margaret Thatcher to enhance his political image islands and decided to release his first diplomatic triumph was therefore persuaded the Security Council of the United Nations to declare Argentina aggressor and received the unconditional support of the U.S. and the European Economic Community. The Latin American support for Argentina was almost unanimous. Nicaragua offered troops; Venezuela, Peru and oil, aircraft replacement. Only the Pinochet regime in Chile, I adopted a contrary position, granting supplies and bases British commando units. Quickly an important task force, consisting of two aircraft carriers and 28,000 men met. When this detachment began its 8,000-mile journey to the South Atlantic, there was intense diplomatic activity by the Secretary of State (Foreign Minister) in the United States, Alexander Haig, who tried to convince Argentina that had more chances of reaching your target accepting establish diplomatic negotiations, but failed in his efforts, on April 30 formally announced U.S. support for Britain. Given the increasingly real possibility of a war, there were some attempts at mediation, among which highlighted the Secretary General of the UN, Javier Perez de Cuellar, and U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig. But all were unsuccessful. On May 1 the war began. On April 25, British forces retook South Georgia. In early May, after the deployment of the bulk of their forces in the area, the planes of the RAF (Royal Air Force) began to attack Argentine positions, especially airstrip Port Stanley (Puerto Argentino, a former Puerto Soledad ). Although the British were unable to expel the Argentine air and naval forces, the nuclear submarine Conqueror caused the sinking of the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano, 368 men died. Then an Exocet missile launched by the aviation Argentina sank a British destroyer HMS Sheffield. British a difficult military operation prepared for an amphibious landing on the Falkland (one of the largest islands of the archipelago). Special Forces recognized the island to determine the positions of the Argentine troops and identify the most appropriate places for disembarking. Meanwhile, diplomatic activity continued, first initiated by the Peruvian government and then Secretary General of the United Nations (UN) Javier Pérez de Cuéllar. Again, the Argentine government refused to contemplate the possibility of a military withdrawal if it is not guaranteed that direct negotiations would lead to a transfer of sovereignty. One of the most dramatic events of the war took place on May 2. A British submarine detected by satellite data provided by the U.S., the cruiser General Belgrano, while sailing away from the exclusion zone. The cruiser was torpedoed and sunk. The official death toll rose to 368 men. On May 21, a few days after the conclusion of the UN efforts, no progress occurs, the British troops landed at San Carlos (at the Gran Malvina). The landing was successful, but during the following days did not stop air strikes against British ships attempting to land supplies on the ground. They were sunk three warships and a merchant, the Atlantic Conveyor, several helicopters were lost and many Argentine aircraft were shot down. The final balance of the war was the reoccupation of the three archipelagos of the United Kingdom and the death of 649 Argentine soldiers, 255 British and 3 islanders civilians. LAST BOUT The main ground combat, after landing, occurred on May 28, when a British contingent formadopor 600 men defeated Argentina increased in number garrison at Goose Green (in South Malvina) after a tough match. The British advanced towards the main Argentina garrison was located in the capital, Port Stanley (Puerto Argentino), and on June 8 occurred most disaster when the transport ship Sir Galahad was destroyed by Argentine aircraft in Port Fitzroy. ( Photo right: Leopoldo F. Galtieri) portalplanetasedna.ar/guerramalvinas02.jpg Gradually, through combined artillery and infantry attacks to end Argentina intermittent resistance, the British took the highlands surrounding Port Stanley (Puerto Argentino). On June 14, the Argentina garrison, under the command of General Menendez surrendered. The military junta that controlled the power in Argentina resigned shortly after the defeat. The islands were fortified by the British colony retaining its character, although its inhabitants were granted full British citizenship. In this context, Argentina reached the Pope John Paul II. His visit was seen as an attempt to convince the government that the war ended. On June 14, 11,000 Argentine soldiers surrendered to the English General Moore. The next day, Galtieri called people to the Plaza de Mayo to announce the surrender. POSITION OF CHILE: The formal reasons given by the Chilean government to abstain, along with the U.S., Colombia and Trinidad and Tobago in the vote of the Rio Treaty was the breach by Argentina of resolution 502 of the United Nations. The underlying reason may have been that the foreign policy of Argentinas military junta had become unpredictable and that this new momentum of recovery of Argentinas sovereignty could reach Chilean borders recognized by the multilateral Arbitral Award of 1977, but the Argentina had unilaterally declared void. Chile could not support an attack that could later turn against itself. For this reason the bad relations between Chile and Britain became cooperative. EVENT DATE 02/04/82 After escalating situations ríspidas Georgia, between Argentina and Britain; Argentine forces landed in the capital of the Falklands, and without causing casualties to the small British detachment or the Falklands, Argentina reestablish the sovereignty over the islands. In actions captain dies Giachino of Argentine naval forces. 02/04/82 The Naval Malvinas is created and leave the British military and colonial governor, bound for Montevideo. In the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires, a massive rally to support the recovery of the Malvinas is performed. 04/03/82 Argentine troops regain sovereignty over South Georgia, without causing casualties to the British. During operations die three Argentine sailors. 04/03/82 The Security Council of the United Nations approved Resolution 502; requiring the immediate cessation of hostilities, the immediate withdrawal of all Argentine forces on the islands and calls upon Governments of Argentina and Britain to seek a diplomatic solution to their differences and to respect fully the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. 04/03/82 United States authorized Britain to use Ascension Island as a logistics base. 04/05/82 Waiver of the English Chancellor, Lord Carrington; British Task Force and sailed from Portsmouth. 04/06/82 General Alexander Haig, appointed by the U.S. president to intercede in the conflict; Washington Meets with Argentine Foreign Minister Nicanor Costa Méndez. 04/07/82 Brigadier General Mario Benjamin Menendez takes over as military governor of the archipelago. 04/07/82 Britain has a Zone Maritime Exclusion from April 12, encompassing a circle centered at 51 ° 40 S - 59 ° 30 W, and 200 nautical miles radius. 04/07/82 The Argentine government calls to make reservations and Theatre South Atlantic Operations (TOAS), appointing Vice Admiral Juan Jose Lombardo as its commander. 04/08/82 In London, Haig interview with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher; who is intransigent. 04/09/82 The European Common Market approves economic sanctions against Argentina. 04/10/82 Argentine President Leopoldo F. Galtieri Lieutenant General, holds a meeting with Haig in Buenos Aires; Meanwhile, in the Plaza de Mayo a mass demonstration in support of the recovery of the Malvinas Islands is made. 04/11/82 Pope John Paul II called on both countries to lay extreme attitudes. 12/04/82 Haig arrives in London to continue negotiations for peace. 14/04/82 Continue the efforts of Haig in Buenos Aires. 04/19/82 Costa Mendez announced the order of application of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) to the Organization of American States (OAS). Haig returns to America with no results. 04/20/82 Argentina achieved the call for the XX Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the 21 signatory nations to the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro. 04/21/82 A Boeing 707 Argentine Task Force located in 19 ° 20 West, with southwesterly direction, being intercepted by a British fighter plane. 22/04/82 An attempt English landing in San Pedro Island (South Georgia). 04/23/82 Argentina complaint OAS were detected 3 echoes of British ships about 50 miles north of Grytviken on the island San Pedro. 04/24/82 The Argentina Air Force detected the Task Force in latitude 35 ° 15 South, longitude 27 ° 55 West, heading 204 and speed 13 knots. 25/04/82 to the 26/04/82 The English attacked the small garrison on the island Argentina San Pedro; put out of action the submarine ARA Santa Fe and take South Georgia. In a confusing episode, was killed a sergeant of the Argentina Navy. 30/04/82 Haig announces the ultimate failure of the negotiations and the president of the United States, Ronald Reagan formally declares its support for Britain, followed by the imposition of a military and economic to Argentina though; ignoring the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance. 30/04/82 Argentina presented a note to the UN report that would make use of the right of self-defense if attacked. 30/04/82 Accidentally in Caleta Olivia falls Argentine Army helicopter where 10 military perish. 01/05/82 The British launch air strikes on the Falklands, slightly busting the runway at the capital of the islands airport. 01/05/82 The first naval battle in which the Argentine ships Forrest and GC82 Malvinas Islands involved are performed. An air attack on the ELMA Formosa occurs, being hit by a bomb that fails to detonate. 01/05/82 The Argentine submarine ARA San Luis makes contact with enemy units and launch a torpedo attack, unable to assess the outcome. 02/05/82 The president of Peru, Belaunde Terry, presented a peace proposal to the Argentine president, who is preliminarily approved with some modifications. 02/05/82 The British nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror torpedoes and sinks the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano ARA outside the Maritime Exclusion Zone. 323 crew members die. The destructor ARA Bouchard is hit by a torpedo, which fails to explode. 03/05/82 The message ARA Alferez Sobral set battle with English helicóteros after receiving missile impacts that destroy your bridge. In the action dies its commander, Captain Gomez Roca, along with seven crew more. 04/05/82 Argentine naval aircraft, equipped with Exocet missiles, attack the British destroyer HMS Sheffield which subsequently sinks. 20 British sailors perish. 06/05/82 The UN proposed a peace plan based on the immediate cessation of hostilities, the withdrawal of Argentine troops and the British fleet, the start of negotiations, the suspension of economic sanctions on Argentina and the UN administration in the South Atlantic islands while negotiations last. It was accepted by Britain. 05/07/82 London wide naval blockade only 12 miles from Argentine coast. Buenos Aires complaint with the UN and the Rio Treaty that engagement is another act of aggression in the European country. 05/09/82 Argentine fishing Narwal is sunk by the British Aviation Boatswain Rupp dying merchant ship. He also shot down an army helicopter that came to rescue survivors, killing his 3 crew. 10/05/82 Britain decrees a no-fly zone of 100 nautical miles around the island of Ascension. 10/05/82 The British frigate HMS Alacrity sinks to ARA Staten Island in the middle of the Strait of San Carlos. Panigadi die captain and 21 crew more. 05/14/82 They arrive in Buenos Aires Argentine captured the 189 in San Pedro Island (South Georgia). Among them, the workers whose presence in the archipelago led confrontation. British planes persist in their attack on the islands. 15/05/82 British ships cannonaded Airfield Calderón Island Bourbon, affecting ten Argentine aircraft on the ground. 05/16/82 As a result of successive British air raids, are knocked out Argentine ships ELMA Carcarañá River and ARA Good Success Bay. 05/20/82 A Sea King helicopter crashes Britain in Punta Arenas (Chile). No traces or remains of the crew were found. 05/20/82 Javier Perez de Cuellar, Secretary General of the UN, announced that his efforts in favor of peace proved futile. The Peruvian government has a proposal, which also fails. 05/21/82 After damage magnitude in 4 frigates, the sinking of the frigate HMS Ardent Harriers lose 3 planes and 2 helicopters, the British manage to establish a beachhead in Puerto San Carlos, opposed 2 sections RI 25. The naval battles were great violence, recognizing that battle in the value of the Argentine pilots, who lost 12 planes and 3 helicopters. 22/05/82 The GC83 Iguazu River establishes a naval battle against three British planes, losing a man and knocking down a Harrier. 05/24/82 After numerous air raids, the British frigate HMS Antelope ends sinking into waters of the Strait of San Carlos. 05/24/82 The European Common Market decides the maintenance of economic sanctions against Argentina for an indefinite period, except for Italy and Ireland who do not adhere to the measure. 05/25/82 Argentine aircraft broke down three missile frigates and sank the destroyer HMS Coventry and heavy transport Atlantic Conveyor. 26/05/82 The Security Council adopted UN Resolution 505; requests the Secretary-General to undertake a renewed mission of good offices, immediately making contacts with the parties to negotiate mutually acceptable terms for a ceasefire; and calls upon the parties to the conflict to cooperate fully with the Secretary-General on his mission. 05/27/82 to the 05/28/82 British troops, thickened by new contingents, advancing on Darwin and Goose Green. In stock dies Lieutenant Colonel Jones of the British forces. 05/28/82 A claim on a just and honorable peace made Pope John Paul II during his visit to London. Moreover, during a meeting of the Rio Treaty was approved a favorable resolution Argentina. 05/29/82 After bloody fighting, the Argentina garrison to capitulate Darwin. 30/05/82 The aviation Argentina, after an intense operational forces to damage aircraft carrier HMS Invincible. London never confirmed the information. 06/01/82 British Advanced arrive at Mount Kent, about 20 miles from Puerto Argentino. Begin land artillery duels. 06/01/82 The Hercules TC-63 F.A.A. is shot down by a Harrier, died on Meisner Vice Commander and other 6 crew. 06/03/82 In Havana, Foreign Minister Costa Mendez, addressed to the representatives of the Non-Aligned Movement. 04/06/82 At the United Nations, a new draft ceasefire is vetoed by U.S. and Britain. 06/07/82 A plane scanning Argentine Lear-Jet is shot by a Sea Dart missile, and died on The Hill Vice Commander and 4 other crew members. 08/06/82 The Argentina Air Force rejected a British landing attempt in Pleasant Bay. Transporting troops RFA Sir Galahad and landing craft sinks; while the frigate HMS Plymouth and troop transport RFA Sir Tristram are seriously damaged. 11/06/82 Pope John Paul II arrives in Argentina, to convene a meeting of prayer for peace in the midst of a fervent expression of affection. 12/06/82 The HMS Glamorgan is knocked out by an Argentine Exocet launched from the coast. In stock 13 British crew perish. 12/06/82 British troops attack Two Sisters mountains, Longdon and Harriet, in quest for the final battle for Stanley. A British helicopter launches a missile impacting housing Stanley, Falklands killing 2 and wounding 4 others. 13/06/82 In difficult advance, British forces penetrate the Argentine defenses, occupying all the heights around Stanley. An attempt to land on the peninsula Camber is rejected. 13/06/82 Argentine aircraft attacked the command post of General Jeremy Moore; Who is unharmed. 14/06/82 After heavy fighting, the garrison of Puerto Argentino Argentina must capitulate. Among the General Jeremy Moore and Mario Benjamin Menendez, respectively commander of British forces and military governor of the Falkland Islands, it is agreed the ceasefire and subsequent surrender. 14/06/82 In Buenos Aires, to be aware of the facts, in the evening hours a demonstration is made to reject the capitulation, in which abuses occurred and had to be repressed by the police. 20/06/82 A group of British forces attack takes a scientific base Corvette Uruguay Morrell Island (South Sandwich), and forcibly evicted the Argentine scientists established there. This act ended the British colonial aggression and combat actions themselves. 20/06/82 Britain formally declares the cessation of hostilities. Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri (1926 -), Argentine soldier and politician, President (1981-1982). Born in Caseros, Buenos Aires. He was part of the military group that overthrew President Maria Estela Martinez de Peron (1974-1976) and was a member of the military junta dictatorship exercised under the government of General Roberto Viola. In December 1981 he was appointed president by the military junta. On 2 April the following year, ordered the invasion of the Falkland Islands, causing the armed confrontation with Britain known as the Falklands War, which ended with the surrender of the Argentine Army on June 14. He resigned before the military junta on 17 June and during the government of Raúl Alfonsín (1983-1986) was tried and convicted by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces # Thatcher, Margaret (1925 -), first woman to hold the post of Prime Minister of Great Britain (1979-1990). Born in Grantham (her maiden name is Roberts) and studied chemical sciences at the University of Oxford. From 1947-1951 he worked as a research chemist, but in 1953, he studied and specialized in tax law. After joining the Conservative Party, was elected deputy of the House of Commons in 1959. Minister of Education and Scientific Affairs (1970-1974) in the cabinet of Edward Heath, triggered a wave of protests by abolishing free milk in schools. After the defeat of the Conservatives in 1974, faced Heath for leadership of the party, which won in 1975. Four years later he led the Conservatives to election victory, promising to quell the crisis of the British economy and reduce government intervention. Encouraged by the success of its policy to the Falkland Islands in 1982, led the Conservative Party to a landslide victory in the general elections of June 1983. In October 1984 he escaped unhurt from an attack when a bomb planted by Irish Republican extremists Brighton hotel during a congress of his party. It re-elected in the elections of June 1987, became the first British prime minister of the twentieth century has been in office for three consecutive terms. In 1990 due to controversy over its fiscal policy and its reluctance to commit Britain in the monetary union with Europe, its leadership was severely questioned. He resigned in November and was succeeded as leader of the Conservative Party and as Prime Minister John Major his former protege. Margaret Thatcher served during his term policy (which has become known as Thatcherism), consisting of the extreme application of the liberal-conservative principles which, to a large extent, dismantled the welfare state achieved by previous governments.
Posted on: Mon, 09 Jun 2014 20:05:38 +0000
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