FILI 101 LESSON ON M.P 2 Mga Teoryang Pandiskurso Ethnography of Communication • Pinasimulan ni Dell Hymes noong 1962, isang sosyolinggwist na nagsulong sa kahalagahan ng antropolohiya sa linggwistika. • Unang tinawag na “ethnography of speaking” • Ang teoryang ito ay nakatuon sa kakayahang komunikatibo ng tagapagsalita higit sa kakayang gramatika ng wika na ginagamit sa diskurso. • Mahalagang salik dito ang pakikiangkop sa kultura, tradisyon, at kinaugalian ng mga taong kasangkot sa diskurso. …that the study of language must concern itself with describing and analyzing the ability of the native speakers to use language for communication in real situations (communicative competence) rather than limiting itself to describing the potential ability of the ideal speaker/listener to produce grammatically correct sentences (linguistic competence). Speakers of a language in particular communities are able to communicate with each other in a manner which is not only correct but also appropriate to the sociocultural context. This ability involves a shared knowledge of the linguistic code as well as of the socio-cultural rules, norms and values which guide the conduct and interpretation of speech and other channels of communication in a community … The ethnography of communication ... is concerned with the questions of what a person knows about appropriate patterns of language use in his or her community and how he or she learns about it. (Farah, 1998: 125) Variationist Theory • Pinangunahan ni William Labov (1971), isang Amerikanong linggwista na nag-impluwensya sa mga metadolohiya sa linggwistika. • Ang teoryang ito ay naniniwala na ang madalas na pagbigkas ng isang tiyak na salita o mga salita ay tumutugon sa pokus ng diskurso. • Binibilang ang dalas na gamit sa wika upang masuri ang kalikasan ng diskurso. • Ang “gamit” ng salita ay nababago sa “porma” nito, halimbawa, sa tuntunin ng wikang Filipino, ang panghalip na kayo ay ginagamit na panghalili sa maramihang ngalan; ngunit mapapansin na sa pakikipag-usap sa isang matanda ay nagagamit ang kayo, “Kumusta po kayo?” , “Pasok po kayo.” …investigates the actual usage of spoken language. The goal of this theory is to provide patterns of occurrence of a particular variable and to lay out the hierarchical structure when this variable can occur. Thus, it does not only indicate the occurrence of variants, but also shows the relative frequency of occurrence of each possible variant. Pragmatic Theory • Pinangunahan ni Paul Grice (1967), pilosopo ng wika na may impluwensya sa pag-aaral ng semantika sa dulog pilosopikal. • Teoryang tutukoy sa kakayahan ng tagapagsalita na magamit ang wika sa diskurso na mauunawaan agad ng tagapakinig o tagatanggap. • May iba’t ibang salik pa na dapat isa-alang alang sa pag-unawa, kasama na rito ang intelektwal na kalagayan ng decoder, kalinawan ng encoder at ang pagtatagpo ng kani-kanilang interpretasyon. • Nililinaw ang relasyon sa pagitan ng intensyon at kahulugan. When a diplomat says yes, he means ‘perhaps’; When he says perhaps, he means ‘no’; When he says no, he is not a diplomat. Voltaire (Quoted, in Spanish, in Escandell 1993.) …a fundamental distinction of what a speaker says and what he implicates; …a set of rules or principles, derived from general principles of rationality, cooperation and/or cognition, that guide, constrain or govern human linguistic communication; and … a notion of communicative intention (called M(eaning)-intention by Grice) whose fulfillment consists in being recognized by the addressee. Speech Act Theory • Isinulong ni John Langshaw Austin (1962) at pinalawig ni John Rogers Searle, pilosopo ng wika sa Britanya na nakilala sa kanilang paniniwala na kayang mabago ng salita ang realidad. • ang pananalita o diskurso ay kaugnay ng aksyon. • Aktong Locutionary pagsasabi ng mga tiyak na kahulugan sa tradisyunal na paraan. • Aktong Illocutionary may tiyak na "pwersa" tulad ng pagpapabatid, pag-uutos o pagbababala atbp • Aktong Prelocutionary Nagtatamo o nagpapalabas ng isang bagay tulad ng paghihikayat, pagkumbinse at pagbabawal. Speech acts are a staple of everyday communicative life, but only became a topic of sustained investigation, at least in the English-speaking world, in the middle of the Twentieth Century. Since that time “speech act theory” has been influential not only within philosophy, but also in linguistics, psychology, legal theory, artificial intelligence, literary theory and many other scholarly disciplines. Recognition of the importance of speech acts has illuminated the ability of language to do other things than describe reality.
Posted on: Wed, 11 Sep 2013 06:31:51 +0000
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