In the "Dictionary" Yu chapter reads: Dayu tunnels dug Long Guan Shan saw glowing pearl, and "bright as a candle ......." Luminescent stone geological scientists conducted a study of the natural world can be light gems include fluorite, diamond, pink crystal stone, calcite, zircon, fluorite is the brightest glow in visible within 3-5 meters of the issued Light. These minerals in the sunlight or heat sources can emit phosphorescence excitation. There is also a mineral called macle itself is pink in fluorescent yellow-green may be issued under the irradiation of light, Fluorescent light irradiation is stopped, resumed pink. This mineral is a variant of andalusite, is one of alumina minerals According excitation light sources, the light can be divided into: photoluminescence, as indicated by visible light, such as infrared and ultraviolet light excitation; cathodoluminescence, as excited by the electron beam; radiation light, as indicated by X-ray, γ (gamma Ma) rays excite; thermal luminescence by thermal excitation. In addition, electroluminescent, light rubbing, chemiluminescence. Emitting in mineral is a very common phenomenon. Current mineral luminescence mechanism put forward a number of different physical models, which is recognized by everyone are: major minerals and minerals luminous crystal defects and impurity elements relevant. Lattice defects called "trap"; can cause mineral impurity element, said light-emitting activator. Its tag method: If CaCO3: Mn2 +, Mn2 + is calcite indicates activator. Calcium carbonate, commonly known as limestone, limestone, stone, marble, calcite, is a compound with the chemical formula is CaCO3, alkaline, substantially insoluble in water, soluble in acid. Chemical oxidation is called oxidation. Current information on the definition of oxidation are three: Manganese (Manganese) is a chemical element, its chemical symbol is Mn, its atomic number is 25, is a transition metal. "Oxidation state: an atom in a chemical measure of the degree of oxidation. Calculated according to the following rules accepted the charge of the atom: 1 elemental zero oxidation state; (2) For a single atomic ions, the oxidation state of the atom net charge of the ion is equal; 3 most compounds, the hydrogen oxidation state of +1, oxygen oxidation state of -2 (exceptions are: active metal hydride, the hydrogen oxidation state of -1; peroxides, oxygen oxidation state -1); 4 neutral molecules, each of the atoms in the algebraic sum of zero oxidation state; ion, the algebraic sum of the oxidation state of each atom with the same ionic charge. For example, H2S, S8 (sulfur), SO2, SO3 and H2SO4 in the oxidation state of sulfur atoms, respectively: -2, 0, +4, +6 and +6. Atom of a higher oxidation state, the higher the degree of oxidation; a lower oxidation state of atoms, the higher the degree of reduction. " Hydrogen is the atomic number of a chemical element, chemical symbol is H, the first one is located in the periodic table. (Acidic, basic or amphoteric (Depending on the oxidation state)) The first is the traditional definition: Substance and oxygen combine to form the oxide process, which is to be "oxygen" oxidation process; chemists found in the nucleus of the electronic elements on the activities, considered the first definition is no longer Good, you made a second and third definitions. The second chemically defined: oxidation of elements or compounds means not only the role of binding with oxygen, but rather between the two elements or compounds (oxidizing and reducing) electron capture process. Chemically the same as the third definition: reductant (by oxide) with an oxidizing agent (by reducing substances) between the oxidation number (this number is the chemist to solve the shortcomings of the second definition was conceived) and down, in decrease the oxidation number of the oxidant (in electronics), and reducing the number of increased oxidation (losing electrons) case, also known as oxidation. Oxidation and reduction are referring to the reactants (molecules, ions or atoms). Oxide, also known as oxidation or oxidation reactions. Organic reaction to the introduction of oxygen or removal of organics role of hydrogen called oxidation; introducing hydrogen or loss of the role of oxygen is called reduction. Material reacts slowly with oxygen instead of glowing heat slowly oxidized called slow oxidation, such as metal corrosion, biological respiration. Intense heat and light oxidation is called burning. General material exothermic oxidation with oxygen, the individual may endothermic reactions, such as nitrogen and oxygen. Electrochemical anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction occurs. (Stone light, no rotation, no future, fixed, oxidation stone light, stone = minerals, physical gravity, energy, fall, Joule can not be saved.)
Posted on: Sun, 09 Jun 2013 01:55:32 +0000
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