MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS MOTIVATION refers to the initiation direction, intensity and persistence of human behavior. REWARD is which follows an occurrence of as specific behavior with the intention of acknowledging the behavior in a positive way. It has the intent of encouraging the behavior to happen again. 2 kinds of rewards: Extrinsic – outside of the individual. Example, praise and money Intrinsic – within the individual. Example, satisfaction and accomplishment Forms of Motivation: * Coercion – avoidance of pain or negative consequences has an immediate effect. Successful coercion sometimes can take priority over other types of motivation. * Self control – a subset of emotional intelligence. Drives and desires can be describes as deficiency or need that activates that is aimed at a goal or an incentive. REINFORCEMENT – is intended to create a measured increase in the rate of a desirable behavior following the addition of something to the environment. MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES Drive Reduction Theories – grows out of the concept that we have certain biological needs, such as hunger. Cognitive Dissonance Theory – occurs when an individual experiences some degree of discomfort resulting from an incompatibility between two cognitions. Example, when a belief and a behavior are in conflict. Affective-Arousal Theories Need Achievement theory Interests Theory – one way to look at interests is that if a person has a very strong interest in an area example, Vocational Preference Inventory Need Theories 1. Need Hierarchy Theory – (Abraham Maslow’s) the person advances to the next level of needs only after the lower level need is at least minimally satisfied. 2. Herzberg’s two factor theory – (Frederick Herzberg) that certain factors in the workplace result in job satisfaction, while others do not, but if absent lead to dissatisfaction. 3. Alderfer’s ERG Theory – (Clayton Alderfer) Existence Related Growth. 4. Self Determination Theory – (Edward Deci and Richard Ryan) focuses on the intrinsic motivation in driving human behavior. Michael Apter Reversal theory is a theory of personality, motivation and emotion in the field of psychology. It focuses on the dynamic qualities of normal human experience to describe how a person regularly reverses between psychological states, reflecting their motivational style and the meaning they attach to a given situation at a given time. For example, sometimes a roller coaster seems exciting; other times, it may cause anxiety. Sometimes a crying baby creates sympathy; other times it causes irritation. The theory distinctively proposes that human experience is structurally organized into meta-motivational domains, of which four have been identified. Each domain consists of a pair of opposing values or motives, so that only one of each pair can be experienced in any given moment. Reversal theory has been developed primarily by British psychologist Dr Michael J. Apter since its inception in the mid-1970s by Dr Apter and psychiatrist Dr Ken Smith. The theory has been researched, developed and applied extensively. The four pairs (or domains) are as follows: • Means-Ends - The two states in the first pair are called "Telic" (or "Serious") and "Paratelic" (or "Playful") and refer to whether one is motivated by achievement and future goals, or the enjoyment of process in the moment. • Rules - The next two states are called "Conforming" and "Rebellious" (or "Negativistic") and refer to whether one enjoys operating within rules and expectations; or whether one wishes to be free and push against these structures. • Transactions - The next two states are called "Mastery" and "Sympathy" and relate to whether one is motivated by transacting power and control; or by care and compassion. • Relationships - The final two states are called "Autic" (or "Self") and "Alloic" (or "Other") and refer to whether one is motivated by self interests (personal accountability and responsibility) or by the interests of others (altruism and transcendence). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Enjoy the Intramural Games!!!
Posted on: Sun, 15 Sep 2013 08:35:16 +0000
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