Main article: Methane clathrate Worldwide distribution of confirmed or inferred offshore gas hydrate-bearing sediments, 1996. Source: USGS An explanation for some of the disappearances has focused on the presence of large fields of methane hydrates (a form of natural gas) on the continental shelves.[34] Laboratory experiments carried out in Australia have proven that bubbles can, indeed, sink a scale model ship by decreasing the density of the water;[35][36][37] any wreckage consequently rising to the surface would be rapidly dispersed by the Gulf Stream. It has been hypothesized that periodic methane eruptions (sometimes called mud volcanoes) may produce regions of frothy water that are no longer capable of providing adequate buoyancy for ships. If this were the case, such an area forming around a ship could cause it to sink very rapidly and without warning. Publications by the USGS describe large stores of undersea hydrates worldwide, including the Blake Ridge area, off the southeastern United States coast.[38] However, according to the USGS, no large releases of gas hydrates are believed to have occurred in the Bermuda Triangle for the past 15,000 years.[20] Notable incidents Main article: List of Bermuda Triangle incidents Ellen Austin The Ellen Austin supposedly came across a derelict ship, placed on board a prize crew, and attempted to sail with it to New York in 1881. According to the stories, the derelict disappeared; others elaborating further that the derelict reappeared minus the prize crew, then disappeared again with a second prize crew on board. A check from Lloyds of London records proved the existence of the Meta, built in 1854 and that in 1880 the Meta was renamed Ellen Austin. There are no casualty listings for this vessel, or any vessel at that time, that would suggest a large number of missing men were placed on board a derelict that later disappeared.[39] Schooner Carroll A. Deering, as seen from the Cape Lookout lightvessel on January 29, 1921, two days before she was found deserted in North Carolina. (US Coast Guard) USS Cyclops Main article: USS Cyclops (AC-4) The incident resulting in the single largest loss of life in the history of the US Navy not related to combat occurred when the collier USS Cyclops, carrying a full load of manganese ore and with one engine out of action, went missing without a trace with a crew of 309 sometime after March 4, 1918, after departing the island of Barbados. Although there is no strong evidence for any single theory, many independent theories exist, some blaming storms, some capsizing, and some suggesting that wartime enemy activity was to blame for the loss.[40][41] In addition, two of Cyclopss sister ships, Proteus and Nereus were subsequently lost in the North Atlantic during World War II. Both ships were transporting heavy loads of metallic ore similar to that which was loaded on Cyclops during her fatal voyage. In all three cases structural failure due to overloading with a much denser cargo than designed is considered the most likely cause of sinking. Carroll A. Deering Main article: Carroll A. Deering A five-masted schooner built in 1919, the Carroll A. Deering was found hard aground and abandoned at Diamond Shoals, near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina on January 31, 1921. Rumors and more at the time indicated the Deering was a victim of piracy, possibly connected with the illegal rum-running trade during Prohibition, and possibly involving another ship, SS Hewitt, which disappeared at roughly the same time. Just hours later, an unknown steamer sailed near the lightship along the track of the Deering, and ignored all signals from the lightship. It is speculated that Hewitt may have been this mystery ship, and possibly involved in the Deering crews disappearance.[42] Flight 19 Main article: Flight 19 US Navy Avengers, similar to those of Flight 19. Flight 19 was a training flight of five TBM Avenger torpedo bombers that disappeared on December 5, 1945, while over the Atlantic. The squadrons flight plan was scheduled to take them due east from Fort Lauderdale for 141 miles, north for 73 miles, and then back over a final 140-mile leg to complete the exercise. The flight never returned to base. The disappearance is attributed by Navy investigators to navigational error leading to the aircraft running out of fuel. One of the search and rescue aircraft deployed to look for them, a PBM Mariner with a 13-man crew, also disappeared. A tanker off the coast of Florida reported seeing an explosion[43] and observing a widespread oil slick when fruitlessly searching for survivors. The weather was becoming stormy by the end of the incident.[44] According to contemporaneous sources the Mariner had a history of explosions due to vapour leaks when heavily loaded with fuel, as for a potentially long search and rescue operation. Star Tiger and Star Ariel Main articles: BSAA Star Tiger disappearance and BSAA Star Ariel disappearance G-AHNP Star Tiger disappeared on January 30, 1948 on a flight from the Azores to Bermuda; G-AGRE Star Ariel disappeared on January 17, 1949, on a flight from Bermuda to Kingston, Jamaica. Both were Avro Tudor IV passenger aircraft operated by British South American Airways.[45] Both planes were operating at the very limits of their range and the slightest error or fault in the equipment could keep them from reaching the small island. One plane was not heard from long before it would have entered the Triangle.[18] Douglas DC-3 Main article: 1948 Airborne Transport DC-3 (DST) disappearance On December 28, 1948, a Douglas DC-3 aircraft, number NC16002, disappeared while on a flight from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Miami. No trace of the aircraft or the 32 people on board was ever found. From the documentation compiled by the Civil Aeronautics Board investigation, a possible key to the planes disappearance was found, but barely touched upon by the Triangle writers: the planes batteries were inspected and found to be low on charge, but ordered back into the plane without a recharge by the pilot while in San Juan. Whether or not this led to complete electrical failure will never be known. However, since piston-engined aircraft rely upon magnetos to provide spark to their cylinders rather than a battery powered ignition coil system, this theory is not strongly convincing.[46] KC-135 Stratotankers On August 28, 1963, a pair of US Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft collided and crashed into the Atlantic. The Triangle version (Winer, Berlitz, Gaddis[7][15][16]) of this story specifies that they did collide and crash, but there were two distinct crash sites, separated by over 160 miles (260 km) of water. However, Kusches research[18] showed that the unclassified version of the Air Force investigation report stated that the debris field defining the second crash site was examined by a search and rescue ship, and found to be a mass of seaweed and driftwood tangled in an old buoy. Connemara IV A pleasure yacht was found adrift in the Atlantic south of Bermuda on September 26, 1955; it is usually stated in the stories (Berlitz, Winer[15][16]) that the crew vanished while the yacht survived being at sea during three hurricanes. The 1955 Atlantic hurricane season shows Hurricane Ione passing nearby between the 14th and 18th of that month, with Bermuda being affected by winds of almost gale force.[18] In his second book on the Bermuda Triangle, Winer quoted from a letter he had received from Mr J.E. Challenor of Barbados: On the morning of September 22 Connemara IV was lying to a heavy mooring in the open roadstead of Carlisle Bay. Because of the approaching hurricane, the owner strengthened the mooring ropes and put out two additional anchors. There was little else he could do, as the exposed mooring was the only available anchorage. ... In Carlisle Bay, the sea in the wake of Hurricane Janet was awe-inspiring and dangerous. The owner of Connemara IV observed that she had disappeared. An investigation revealed that she had dragged her moorings and gone to sea. [47] Influence on culture The Sea World amusement park on the Gold Coast (Australia) operated a ride called Bermuda Triangle. Composer Isao Tomita released an album, Bermuda Triangle, inspired by the region. Fleetwood Mac released the song Bermuda Triangle on their 1974 album Heroes are Hard to Find. Singer-songwriter Barry Manilows single, Bermuda Triangle (released in 1981), was taken from his album Barry (1980). The first film based on the Bermuda Triangle was the 1975 TV Movie Satans Triangle. Later films include The Bermuda Triangle (1978), The Triangle (2001) and the eponymous TV miniseries (2005). See also List of Bermuda Triangle incidents Devils Sea (or Dragons Triangle) Sargasso Sea SS Cotopaxi Vile Vortices Notes Jump up ^ USCG: Frequently Asked Questions. Uscg.mil. 2008-07-22. Retrieved 20 November 2012. Jump up ^ Cochran-Smith, Marilyn (2003). Bermuda Triangle: dichotomy, mythology, and amnesia. Journal of Teacher Education 54 (4): 275. doi:10.1177/0022487103256793. ^ Jump up to: a b Bermuda Triangle. History.navy.mil. 2003-07-13. Retrieved 2011-10-27. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bermuda Triangle. History.navy.mil. 1996-05-12. Retrieved 2011-10-27. Jump up ^ USCG: Frequently Asked Questions. Uscg.mil. 2008-07-22. Retrieved 2011-10-27. Jump up ^ Study finds shipwrecks threaten precious seas. BBC News/science. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b c Gaddis, Vincent (1964), The Deadly Bermuda Triangle, Argosy Jump up ^ [1] Jump up ^ E.V.W. Jones (September 16, 1950). Same Big World, Seas Puzzles Still Baffle Men In Pushbutton Age. Associated Press. Jump up ^ George X. San (October 1952). Sea Mystery at Our Back Door. Fate. Jump up ^ Allen W. Eckert (April 1962). The Mystery of The Lost Patrol. American Legion Magazine. Cited in James R. Lewis (editor), Satanism Today: An Encyclopedia of Relgion, Folklore, and Popular Culture, page 72, segment by Jerome Clark (ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2001). ISBN 1-57607-292-4 Jump up ^ Diana Formisano Willett, Paranormal Fright, page 9 (AuthorHouse, 2013), ISBN 978-1-4817-3268-0 Jump up ^ Vincent Gaddis (1965). Invisible Horizons. ^ Jump up to: a b Spencer, 1969. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Berlitz, 1974. ^ Jump up to: a b c (Winer 1974) Jump up ^ Strange fish: the scientifiction of Charles F. Berlitz, 1913–2003. Skeptic (Altadena, CA). March 2004. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Kusche, 1975. Jump up ^ Equinox: The Bermuda Triangle. Retrieved 2012-12-06. ^ Jump up to: a b Bermuda Triangle. Gas Hydrates at the USGS. Woods Hole. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Jump up ^ V A Fogg (PDF). USCG. Retrieved 2012-12-06. ^ Jump up to: a b The Case of the Bermuda Triangle. NOVA / Horizon. 1976-06-27. PBS. Jump up ^ Taves, Ernest (1978). The Skeptical Inquirer 111 (1): pp. 75–76. Jump up ^ Singer, Barry (1979). The Humanist. XXXIX (3): pp. 44–45. Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook – Bahamas, The. Cia.gov. Retrieved 2011-10-27. Jump up ^ A Geologists Adventures with Bimini Beachrock and Atlantis True Believers. Skeptical Inquirer. January 2004.[dead link] Jump up ^ UFO over Bermuda Triangle. Ufos.about. 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2009-06-01. Jump up ^ Bermuda Triangle. US Navy. Retrieved 2009-05-26. Jump up ^ National Geomagnetism Program | Charts | North America | Declination (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Jump up ^ Phillips, Pamela. The Gulf Stream. USNA/Johns Hopkins. Retrieved 2007-08-02. Jump up ^ Bermuda Triangle: Behind the Intrigue. National Geographic. Retrieved 2009-05-26. Jump up ^ Scott, Captain Thomas A. Histories & Mysteries: The Shipwrecks of Key Largo. Jump up ^ Downdraft likely sank clipper, The Miami News, May 23, 1986, p. 6A Jump up ^ Office of Scientific & Technical Information, OSTI, U.S. Department of Energy, DOE. OTSI. OSTI 616279. Jump up ^ Could methane bubbles sink ships?. Monash Univ. Jump up ^ Jason Dowling (2003-10-23). Bermuda Triangle mystery solved? Its a load of gas. The Age. Jump up ^ Terrence Aym (2010-08-06). How Brilliant Computer Scientists Solved the Bermuda Triangle Mystery. Salem-News. Jump up ^ Paull, C.K. and W.P., D., 1981, (1981). Appearance and distribution of the gas hydrate reflection in the Blake Ridge region, offshore southeastern United States. Gas Hydrates at the USGS. Woods Hole. MF-1252. Jump up ^ Ellen Austin. Bermuda Triangle .org. Jump up ^ Bermuda triangle. D Merrill. Jump up ^ Myths and Folklore of Bermuda. Bermuda Cruises. Jump up ^ Carroll A Deering. Graveyard of the Atlantic. Jump up ^ The Loss of Flight 19. [2]. Jump up ^ The Disappearance of Flight 19. Bermuda Triangle .org. Jump up ^ The Tudors. bermuda-traingle.org. Jump up ^ Airborne Transport, Miami, December 1948 (PDF). Aviation Safety. Jump up ^ (Winer 1975, pp. 95–96) References The incidents cited above, apart from the official documentation, come from the following works. Some incidents mentioned as having taken place within the Triangle are found only in these sources: Berg, Daniel (2000). Bermuda Shipwrecks. East Rockaway, N.Y.: Aqua Explorers. ISBN 0-9616167-4-1. Berlitz, Charles (1974). The Bermuda Triangle (1st ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04114-4. Group, David (1984). The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: Aquarian Press. ISBN 0-85030-413-X. Jeffrey, Adi-Kent Thomas (1975). The Bermuda Triangle. ISBN 0-446-59961-1. Kusche, Lawrence David (1975). The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. Buffalo: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-971-2. Quasar, Gian J. (2003). Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the Worlds Greatest Mystery. International Marine / Ragged Mountain Press. ISBN 0-07-142640-X. Reprinted in paperback in 2005; ISBN 0-07-145217-6. Spencer, John Wallace (1969). Limbo Of The Lost. ISBN 0-686-10658-X. Winer, Richard (1974). The Devils Triangle. ISBN 0-553-10688-0. Winer, Richard (1975). The Devils Triangle 2. ISBN 0-553-02464-7. Further reading Newspaper articles Proquest has newspaper source material for many incidents, archived in Portable Document Format (PDF). The newspapers include The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Atlanta Constitution. To access this website, registration is required, usually through a library connected to a college or university. Flight 19 Great Hunt On For 27 Navy Fliers Missing In Five Planes Off Florida, The New York Times, December 7, 1945. Wide Hunt For 27 Men In Six Navy Planes, The Washington Post, December 7, 1945. Fire Signals Seen In Area Of Lost Men, The Washington Post, December 9, 1945. SS Cotopaxi Lloyds posts Cotopaxi As Missing, The New York Times, January 7, 1926. Efforts To Locate Missing Ship Fail, The Washington Post, December 6, 1925. Lighthouse Keepers Seek Missing Ship, The Washington Post, December 7, 1925. 53 On Missing Craft Are Reported Saved, The Washington Post, December 13, 1925. USS Cyclops (AC-4) Cold High Winds Do $25,000 Damage, The Washington Post, March 11, 1918. Collier Overdue A Month, The New York Times, April 15, 1918. More Ships Hunt For Missing Cyclops, The New York Times, April 16, 1918. Havent Given Up Hope For Cyclops, The New York Times, April 17, 1918. Collier Cyclops Is Lost; 293 Persons On Board; Enemy Blow Suspected, The Washington Post, April 15, 1918. U.S. Consul Gottschalk Coming To Enter The War, The Washington Post, April 15, 1918. Cyclops Skipper Teuton, Tis Said, The Washington Post, April 16, 1918. Fate Of Ship Baffles, The Washington Post, April 16, 1918. Steamer Met Gale On Cyclops Course, The Washington Post, April 19, 1918. Carroll A. Deering Piracy Suspected In Disappearance Of 3 American Ships, The New York Times, June 21, 1921. Bath Owners Skeptical, The New York Times, June 22, 1921. piera antonella Deering Skippers Wife Caused Investigation, The New York Times, June 22, 1921. More Ships Added To Mystery List, The New York Times, June 22, 1921. Hunt On For Pirates, The Washington Post, June 21, 1921 Comb Seas For Ships, The Washington Post, June 22, 1921. Port Of Missing Ships Claims 3000 Yearly, The Washington Post, July 10, 1921. Wreckers Wreckreation Was The Name Of The Game That Flourished 100 Years Ago, The New York Times, March 30, 1969. S.S. Suduffco To Search For Missing Freighter, The New York Times, April 11, 1926. Abandon Hope For Ship, The New York Times, April 28, 1926. Star Tiger and Star Ariel Hope Wanes in Sea Search For 28 Aboard Lost Airliner, The New York Times, January 31, 1948. 72 Planes Search Sea For Airliner, The New York Times, January 19, 1949. DC-3 Airliner NC16002 disappearance 30-Passenger Airliner Disappears In Flight From San Juan To Miami, The New York Times, December 29, 1948. Check Cuba Report Of Missing Airliner, The New York Times, December 30, 1948. Airliner Hunt Extended, The New York Times, December 31, 1948. Harvey Conover and Revonoc Search Continuing For Conover Yawl, The New York Times, January 8, 1958. Yacht Search Goes On, The New York Times, January 9, 1958. Yacht Search Pressed, The New York Times, January 10, 1958. Conover Search Called Off, The New York Times, January 15, 1958. KC-135 Stratotankers Second Area Of Debris Found In Hunt For Jets, The New York Times, August 31, 1963. Hunt For Tanker Jets Halted, The New York Times, September 3, 1963. Planes Debris Found In Jet Tanker Hunt, The Washington Post, August 30, 1963. B-52 Bomber (Pogo 22) U.S.-Canada Test Of Air Defence A Success, The New York Times, October 16, 1961. Hunt For Lost B-52 Bomber Pushed In New Area, The New York Times, October 17, 1961. Bomber Hunt Pressed, The New York Times, October 18, 1961. Bomber Search Continuing, The New York Times, October 19, 1961. Hunt For Bomber Ends, The New York Times, October 20, 1961. Charter vessel SnoBoy Plane Hunting Boat Sights Body In Sea, The New York Times, July 7, 1963. Search Abandoned For 40 On Vessel Lost In Caribbean, The New York Times, July 11, 1963. Search Continues For Vessel With 55 Aboard In Caribbean, The Washington Post, July 6, 1963. Body Found In Search For Fishing Boat, The Washington Post, July 7, 1963. SS Marine Sulphur Queen Tanker Lost In Atlantic; 39 Aboard, The Washington Post, February 9, 1963. Debris Sighted In Plane Search For Tanker Missing Off Florida, The New York Times, February 11, 1963. 2.5 Million Is Asked In Sea Disaster, The Washington Post, February 19, 1963. Vanishing Of Ship Ruled A Mystery, The New York Times, April 14, 1964. Families Of 39 Lost At Sea Begin $20-Million Suit Here, The New York Times, June 4, 1969. 10-Year Rift Over Lost Ship Near End, The New York Times, February 4, 1973. SS Sylvia L. Ossa Ship And 37 Vanish In Bermuda Triangle On Voyage To U.S., The New York Times, October 18, 1976. Ship Missing In Bermuda Triangle Now Presumed To Be Lost At Sea, The New York Times, October 19, 1976. Distress Signal Heard From American Sailor Missing For 17 Days, The New York Times, October 31, 1976. Website links The following websites have either online material that supports the popular version of the Bermuda Triangle, or documents published from official sources as part of hearings or inquiries, such as those conducted by the United States Navy or United States Coast Guard. Copies of some inquiries are not online and may have to be ordered; for example, the losses of Flight 19 or USS Cyclops can be ordered direct from the United States Naval Historical Center. Text of Feb, 1964 Argosy Magazine article by Vincent Gaddis United States Coast Guard database of selected reports and inquiries Website of historian & Bermuda Triangle researcher Gian Quasar U.S. Navy Historical Center Bermuda Triangle FAQ U.S. Navy Historical C/ The Bermuda Triangle: Startling New Secrets, Sci Fi Channel documentary (November 2005) Navy Historical Center: The Loss Of Flight 19 on losses of heavy ships at sea Bermuda Shipwrecks Association of Underwater Explorers shipwreck listings page Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships List of lost aircraft Books Most of the works listed here are largely out of print. Copies may be obtained at your local library, or purchased used at bookstores, or through eBay or Amazon. These books are often the only source material for some of the incidents that have taken place within the Triangle. Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the Worlds Greatest Mystery by Gian J. Quasar, International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press (2003) ISBN 0-07-142640-X; contains list of missing craft as researched in official records. (Reprinted in paperback (2005) ISBN 0-07-145217-6). The Bermuda Triangle, Charles Berlitz (ISBN 0-385-04114-4): Out of print, however its commonly available second-hand. The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved (1975). Lawrence David Kusche (ISBN 0-87975-971-2) Limbo Of The Lost, John Wallace Spencer (ISBN 0-686-10658-X) The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle, (1984), David Group (ISBN 0-85030-413-X) The Final Flight, (2006), Tony Blackman (ISBN 0-9553856-0-1). This book is a work of fiction. Bermuda Shipwrecks, (2000), Daniel Berg(ISBN 0-9616167-4-1) The Devils Triangle, (1974), Richard Winer (ISBN 0-553-10688-0); this particular book sold well over a million copies by the end of its first year; to date there have been at least 17 printings. The Devils Triangle 2 (1975), Richard Winer (ISBN 0-553-02464-7) From the Devils Triangle to the Devils Jaw (1977), Richard Winer (ISBN 0-553-10860-3) Ghost Ships: True Stories of Nautical Nightmares, Hauntings, and Disasters (2000), Richard Winer (ISBN 0-425-17548-0) The Bermuda Triangle (1975) by Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (ISBN 0-446-59961-1) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bermuda Triangle. Database of selected reports and inquiries. United States Coast Guard. Bermuda Triangle Mystery. Gian Quasar, author of Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the Worlds Greatest Mystery. Bermuda Triangle FAQ. US Navy Historical Center. Selective Bibliography. US Navy Historical Center. The Loss Of Flight 19. US Navy Historical Center. On losses of heavy ships at sea. Bermuda Shipwrecks.
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