Ogadeniya waa dhul qani ah oo ay ka buuxaan khayraad badan oo dabeeci ah. Waxay waddamada dariska ah oo dhan u dhoofiyaan badeeco farabadan, haddii aysan faragalinin damaca ka haya Ethiopia in ay dhulkan gumeysato. Sidaasna waxaa yidhi dhumareenkii caanka ahaa ee la odhan jiray Arthur Ramboud sanadkii 1885 mar uu soo maray Ogadeniya oo uu wax ka qoray Ogadeniya, Arthur waxaa lagu tilmaamaa in uu yahay ninkii ugu horreeyey ee magaca Ogaden/ Ogadeniya si official ah u isticmaala oo buug ka qora. Tixraac:Rimbaud, A. (n.d.). Report on the Ogaden. Retrieved May 09, 2008, from Adirondack review: adirondackreview.homestead/ transrimbaud.html Arthur Rimbaud waxaa kale oo qoraalkiisa ka mid ahaa qadcaddan yar oo uu kaga sheekeynayo sida uu dhulkani qani u yahay. Qofkasta oo muwaaddin reer Ogadeniya ahna waa in uu qadcaddan wax ka yaqaano. “The general appearance of the Ogaden is of tall grass steppes, full of stony lacunas. The trees, at least in the parts explored by our explorers, are those of the Somali deserts: mimosa, gum, etc. However, near the Wabi, the population is sedentary and agrarian. They cultivate sorghum …. Their herds consist of zebu, short-haired sheep, goats, mongrel horses, milk camels, and finally, ostriches, of which the rearing is a custom among all Ogadenees. Each village possesses a few dozen ostriches, which graze nearby, under the watchful eye of the children…. In the history of mankind, no one has ever seen such an incredible amount of merchandise from the Ogaden as what we obtained there for a few hundred thalers.” Hadalka murtidiisa waxaa weeyaan, taariikhda caalamka adduunka qofna ma uusan arag badeeco intaas la’eg, waxa aan ku soo iibsannay dhowr boqol oo dollar. Dhulkii sidaas ahaa wali waa sidiisii, dadkiise sidaas qaniga u ahaa hadda waxaa barabixiyey gumeysi iyo collaad iyo xabbad loogu kasay oo la rabo in dhulkeenna laynagu diro, oo laynaga qaato, sida dadkii ku noolaan jiray qaaradaha America iyo Australiaba looga qaatay dhulkoodii. Markaan intaas kasoo gudbo, dhamaadkii qarnigii 19aad waxaa billaabmay dhulboobkii Africa ee lagu qaybsaday magaalada Baarlin ee dalka Jarmalka. Isla xilligaas waxaa ka socday degaallo badan oo u dhexeya Sudan iyo Reer Yurub oo ay rabaan in Masar ninba dhinac u go’doomiyaan, kaddibna qabsadaan gacanka Suweys. Ingiriis, Faransiis iyo Talyaani ayaan loollan ba’an ugu jiray Geeska Africa in ay qabsadaan. Waxaa soo afjarmayey boqortooyadii caanka ahayd ee Islaamka ahayd ee Cusmaaniyiinta ee Turkiga. Markaa iyada ah, Ingiriis iyo Faransiis ayaa ku loollamayey in ay qabsadaan Masar. Talyaani oo isyidhi aad gacanka Suweys u hoosmartid ayaa wuxuu qabsaday Eritrea. Wuxuuna degaal ba’an la galay Abyssinia dhulkan hadda la magac baxay Ethiopia. Abyssinia ayaa Talyani kaga guleysatay degaalkii Adwa, markaas ayey indhihii caalamka oo dhan qabteen Ethiopia. Hal mar ayaa waxaa isku soo shubay, Ruush, iyo Ingiriis iyo Francis. Midwalbana wuxuu billaabay in uu Axdi la galo Ethiopia, oo uu kula heshiiyo in lala dagaalamo Mahdigii ka kacay Sudan, markii danbana Sayid Maxed Cabdille Xassan (AHU). Intaas wixii ka horreeysay shacabka reer Ogadeniya waxay ahaayeen kuwo xor ah oo iyagu ismaamula, sida uu qorayo Swayne, Harald, G.C. Seventeen Trips through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia: With Supplementary Preface on the Mad Mullah Risings. 3rd ed. London: Rowland Ward Limited, 1903, PP. ii . “The Ogaden Somalis ruled themselves and managed their own affairs before the Europeans appeared in the Horn of Africa”. Sida uu qorayo Stuart Munro-Hay, Ethiopia, The Unknown Land a Cultural and Historical Guide, 2002, published by I.B. Tauris and Co. Ltd., London and New York, ISBN 1 86064 7448 “Historically, Ethiopia participated and emerged from the partition of Africa in Berlin in 1884 as a black Christian state which had a royal lineage, claiming descent from the legendary son of king Solomon and the queen of Sheba, which not only survived but actually profited from European partition. Like the European empires in Africa, Ethiopia was a conquest state.” Ethiopia waxay ka qaybqaadatay dhulboobkii Africa ee ay reer Yurub ku qaybsadeen qaaradda Africa, waxayna soo caanbaxday xilligaas oo ay isku sheegtay in ay ka yimaadden Nabi Suleymaan iyo Boqoraddi Saaba, sidaas ayeyna ku liibaaneen oo uga faa’iideen wax badan. Ethiopia waxay la mid tahay boqortooyooyinkii kale ee reer Yurub ee boobay Africa 1884, sida uu qirayo Stuart Munro. Waxay Abyssinia billowday in ay reer Yurub la gasho heshiisyo isdaba jooga oo kula galayso mid walba sidii loosiin lahaa Ogadeniya iyaga oo aan lagala tashannin shacabka Soomaaliyeed eek u nool Ogadeniya oo habayaraatee ayna waxba ka ogeyn. Sidaasna waxaa qorayaW.Michael Reisman. “The Case of Western Somaliland (Ogaden): An International Legal Perspective. Yale Law School. Horn of Africa, July- September. Despite Ethiopian superior arms provided by the colonial powers, the Somalis successfully rebuffed Ethiopia’s attempts to establish a colony in Ogaden. Thus, Ethiopia had never succeeded in having continuously effective control of the Ogaden until the Ogaden Somalis were disarmed and handed over by Britain to Ethiopia in the Second World War. Tixraac: The 1942 Anglo-Ethiopian agreement enabled the British military to disarm the Somali rebels and to patrol the region”. Ethiopia in WWII country-data/cgi-bin/ query/r-4390.html Si kasta oo quwadihii waaweynaa ee xiliigaas jiray ay gacan u siiyaan Ethiopia, marnaba gacanta kuma aysan dhigin dhulka Soomaaliyeed ee Ogadeniya. Sidaa daraaddeed Ethiopia ma aysan gumeysanin Ogadeniya illaa Soomaalida Ogadeniya uu Ingiriisku hubka ka dhigo dagaalkii labaad wixii ka danbeyey, markaas oo uu Ingiriisku gacanta u galiyo Ethiopia mooyaane. Haddii aynu si kooban u qoro heshiisyadii ay Ethiopia la gashay reer Yurub intii ka horreysay xilligii Africa la siinayey xorriyadaha, waxaa kuwa ugu waaweyn ka mid ahaa: 1. 1. The 1987 Anglo-Ethiopia Treaty. The pawn in the conciliation of Ethiopia was British Somaliland, a territory in which Lord Salisbury had little interest because he considered it as part of the light lands of Africa. Tixraac: Sir Rennell Rodd, Social and Diplomatic Memories, p. 187 2. 2. The Ratification of Anglo- Ethiopia . For his neutrality, Menelik who was at the time reconstituting the ancient limits of Ethiopia, demanded nearly half of the Somali Protectorate After much haggling, he settled for a hefty third, which was ratified in the 1897 Anglo- Ethiopian Treaty . Tixraac: David Levering Lewis, Race to Fashoda, p. 130 3. 3. The First Annex of the 1897 Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty recognized the need of the hitherto British protected peoples of Somaliland to receive equitable treatment and special care from the Ethiopian Government once it had taken over the territory. 4. 4. The Second Annex of the 1897 Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty demarcated the boundary between British Somaliland and Ethiopia. The Rodd line subsequently defined the boundary of Somaliland. 5. 5. The Third Annex of the 1897 Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty recognized the right of the tribes of Somaliland to graze and water their livestock in their traditional areas. Intaas oo heshiis ah marka uu Ingiriisku la galayo Ethiopia, wax Soomali ah oo wax ka ogaa oo lala tashaday majiro. The treaty was never announced in Somaliland and Ethiopia never exercised any direct control over the area. In the 1930s, Somalis became aware of the treaty in an indirect way, when the joint Ethiopian-British Commission began setting boundary marks. The rural folk responded by destroying the marks. In 1931 the government passed the Ordinance for the Protection of the Boundary Marks. But the Ordinance hardly deterred the people, and in 1934 a British member of the Commission was murdered on the frontier. Waxay si dadban u ogaadeen Soomalidu kadib markii guddi wadajira oo ka kooban Igiriis iyo Ethiopia ay u soo direen in xuduud-been- beenisaadka la calaamadeyo 1931, halkaas oo gadoodkii ka dhacay uu muddo socday laguna dilay ninkii ka mid ahaa commission-ka xuduudeynta oo Ingiriiska ahaa 1934. Sidaasna waxaa qiraya PRO, Colonial Office 1015/1354, `The Haud Problem: History to the End of 1956′, April 1957. 1935 waxaa Ethiopia iyo Ogadeniyaba wada qabsaday Talyani. Muddadaas uu Talyanigu haystay dhulkeenna waxaa soo maray maamul gumeysi kii ugu wanaagsanaa horumarka uu ka sameyeyna waxaa ugu horreysa waddada hadda lagu shubay laamiga. Talyaani wuxuu sheegay in dhulka Ogadeniya uu gaas ka buuxo markii ugu horreysay. 1940kiina Talyaanigu wuxuu qabsaday British Somaliland. March 1941, waxaa soo rogaal celiyey Ingiriis oo dib uga qabsaday Ogadeniya, British Somaliland iyo Ethiopiaba. Dhamaadkii 1941, Ingiriisku wuxuu gacanta ku wada dhigay Geeska Africa oo dhan. Waxaa lasoo gaadhay xilli ay reer Galbeedku khaasatan Reer Yurub ay ogaadeen sababta uu u socdo degaalkii labaad ee addunku in uu yahay dhulboob, haddii aysan dalalkan ay isku leeynayaan xorriyad siinnina in aysan degaal ka bixi doonin. Sidii loo gaadhsiin lahaa xorriyad dalalkii la gumeysan jiray ayaa la soo gaadhay. 1942 Ingiirsku wuxuu lagalay Ethiopia in uu dhulka howd siinayo. 25kii May 1943 Xalylesallase wuxuu u qabtay Ingiriiska saddex bilood in uu ku soo dhameystiro heshiiskii 1942, kuna soo daro Ogaden, dhulka dhimman ee Howd iyo Reserve Area. December 1943 wuxuu igiriisku la galay heshiiskii 8aad ee uu ku siinayo dhulka Ogadeniya, oo dhaqangali doona inta ka horeeysa 1944. Xoghayihii Arrimaha dibadda ee Ingiriiska Ernest Bevin ayaa ku taliyey in dhammaan dhulka Soomalidu degto uu Ingiriisku gaadhsiiyo xorriyad maaddama uu isagu gacanta ku hayo 1946. Hal mar ayaa waxaa ka horyimid intii kale ee quwadda lahayd, oo uu horseed u yahay Maraykan oo addunka ku soo biiray markaas uun. Toos ayey uga horyimaaddeen, waxayna ku celiyeen sidii loo qaybsadaya Berlin ee 1884. Maraykanku isaga oo ka baqaya in uu Ingiriisku xoog ku sii yeesho ayuu ku taliyey in Ogadeniya ay sii gumeysato Ethiopia, oo aan lagu darin liiska dadka aftida laga qaadayo. Sidaasna waxaa qoraya Telegram 4228 From the Embassy in Ethiopia to the Department of State, April 17, 1974, 1225Z11. Source: National Archives, RG 84, Addis Ababa Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 121, MAP Level 1974. Secret; Immediate; Exdis. Repeated to Mogadiscio, Moscow, Sanaa, and USCINCEUR. Drafted and approved by Wyman; cleared by MAAG, POL, and DAO. Waxaa kale oo iyana meesha ku jirtay Ruushka oo rabay in Bulgria iyo Romania in loo aqqonsado in uu isagu leeyahay, isla markaana Africa wax laga siiyo sida Libiya iyo Congo oo kale. Xilligaas Ingiriisku wuxuu saldhigyo milatry ku lahaa Greece, Denmark, Egypt, Iraq, Indonesia, iyo meelo badan oo kale. Maraykan oo waagu ku baryey ayaa arkay in uu USSR u diyaar garoobayo in uu degaal ku soo qaado British Somaliland, islamarkaana arkayey khatarta ka iman karta haddii uu qabsado gacanka Cadmeed Ruusku. Wuxuu cadaadis ku saaray in uu Ingiriisku iska illobo Soomaliweyn, oo uu Talyaani, Francis iyo Ethiopia wax ka siiyo. Talyaani iyo Franciisba wuu ogolaaday laakiin wuxuu liqi waayey Ogadeniya. Waxaa garab socday dib-u- dajintii Yuhuudda oo meelwalba markii ay kaga soo samreen, ay khasab noqotay in ay dhulkii Falastiin dib loo dajiyo. December 1943 waxaa wasiirkii ugu horeeyey soo diray Ethiopia oo uu qaabbilay madaxweynihii Maraykanku Roosevelt. Shirkii Cremean waxaa lagu qaabbilay Xaylesallase oo sheegay in uu Talyaanigii Fascista ahaa si xun u galay, isla markaan uu yahay ninka kaliya ee madow ah ee ka mid ah qaramada Midoowbay oo markaas la sameyey 1945. Rag ay ka mid ahaayeen J. C. Cairns iyo Paul Robeson oo ah masuuliyiin sarsare oo ah African Ameican celebrities ayuu Xaylesallaase ku ooyey oo yidhi Ingiriis ha la’iga siiyo dhulkii uu ii ballan qaaday 1887. Sidaasna waxaa qoraya Sheila Tulley, “Paul Robeson: The Years of Promise and Achievement”. Sheridan Books. 2005. P320 1948kii, waxaa mar kale lagu heshiiyey in Ethiopia la siiyo dekedda Zeylac oo ay iska illowdo Howd iyo reserve area ay in badan hadal hayso. Ethiopia way ka gorgortantay oo waxay tidhi Zeylac kaliya ma rabo ee illaa 100 mile (160km) ha la iga siiyo xeebta British Somaliland. Hase yeeshe taas Ingiriisku wuu diiday. Tixraac: PRO, C.O.1015/507, `The Zeila-Haud Negotiations,’ December 1951 Heshiiskaasi markii uu meelmari waayey wuxuu Ingiriisku siiyey lacag dhan 500,000 oo Giniga Isteliinka ah. Tixraac: PRO, C.O.1015/507, C. H. A. Judd to J. E. Marnham, Esq., Colonial Office, 20 June 1952 Illa iyo 1948 wax dhul ah oo Ethiopia ay gacanta ku hayso ma jiro, oo aan ka ahayn ballan qaad in Ogadeniya oo laga reebay Howd iyo Reserve Area la siinayo sidii ku qoreyd heshiiskii 1897. Ethiopia ayaa Ingiriiska ka hoos guurtay, oo intii ay kawada hadlayeen Howd iyo Reserve Area, ayey company Maraykan ah oo la yidhaahdo Sinclair Oil Corporation keentay Ogadeniya, halkaas oo ka caddeyey in gaaskii ugu badnaa addunka laga helay markii ugu horreysay Ogadeniya. Arrintaasina waxay carqalad ku noqotay wada hadalkii u dhexeyey Ethiopia iyo Ingiriis ee kala baddalashada xeebta Zeylac iyo Howd. Sinclair wuxuu markii ugu horreysay qoday ceelkii Gumburu, oo uu ku guuldareystay, kaddibna wuxuu qoday 1950 ceelkii labaad ee la caddeyo in ay saliidi ceegaato ee ahaa Gallaadi oo ku yaallay dhulkii Howdka uu u bixiyey Ingiriisku ee uu la hadhay. Ceelkaas ayuuna ahaa ceelka ugu horeya ee la qodo oo laga helo batrool. Tixraac: PRO, C.O.1015/507, British Embassy to the Right Honourable Anthony Eden, M.P., 26 May 1952 In September 1952, the British Cabinet decided to re-open the negotiations over the exchange of territories but these failed. Ethiopia was unwilling to give up the prospect of oil revenue for a corridor to Zeila, even though the Cabinet was now willing to consider giving Ethiopia rights of revenue and control over oil prospecting and exploitation, and even though the northern Somali ports were essential to the export of the oil. Bishii September 1952 kii ayuu Golihii Wasiirada ee Ingiriisku dib u fureen wadahalkii Ethiopia, kaas oo ku saabsan Zaylac iyo Howd oo ah meeshii laga helay Patrolka. Kadibna Ethiopia ayaa ku gacanseydhay oo tidhi, dhulkan batroolka leh wax aan ku beddalanayo ma jiro. Tixraac:PRO, C.O.1015/507, Oliver Lyttelton, Colonial Office, to Governor of Somaliland, Gerlad Reece, 18 September 1952. The oil was to travel on pipeline either through Obbia (in Somalia) or Berbera or Zeila or any other accessible port in Somaliland. Obbia was considered as the best choice because the oil would flow there by gravity whereas if a northern port were chosen pumping stations would have to be installed. Waxaa laysla qorsheeyey in shidaalka laga dhoofiyo dekedda Hobyo, oo gaasku qulqulka xufas-jiidadka (gravity-ga) ku tagi karo xeebta. Tixraac: PRO, C.O.1015/507, `Enclosure No.1 to Mr. D. L. Busk’s Addis Ababa Despatch no. 41, dated 26 May 1952′ Ethiopia was viewed as an indispensable ally in the containment of Communism and economic (oil) interests in the country. Great Britain signed the 1944 Anglo-Ethiopia Agreement and the 1954 Anglo- Ethiopian Agreement under American pressure. Ethiopia waxaa loo arkay in ay tahay dhul strategy ah layska kaashan karo communismka iyo siliidda caydhiin (gaaska iyo patrolka). Maraykan ayaana cadaadis badan ku saaray Ingiriiska in uu cusbooneysiiyo heshiiskii 1944, kadibna wuxuu saxeexay 1954 heshiis Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement. Tixraac: Harold Marcus, A History of Ethiopia (Berkeley, CA, 1994), p. 154. See also Harold Marcus, Ethiopia, Great Britain, and the United States, 1941-1947 (Berkeley, CA, 1983). For a general discussion of the role of the United States in the decolonization of the British Empire, which stresses global rather than local or regional themes, see Wm. Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941-1945 (New York, 1978). The first article–the most important - recognized the full and exclusive sovereignty of Ethiopia over the territories, that is, Ogaden, Haud and the Reserved Area. British administration was to withdraw and, from 28 February 1955 the Imperial Ethiopian Government shall, from that date, reassume jurisdiction and administration of, in and over the territories. 28kii February 1955 ayuu heshiiskii ugu danbeyey ee uu Ingiriisku ku wareejiyo dhulkeena la galay Ethiopia, kaas oo uu Marykanku dabada ka waday. Tixraac: PRO, C.O.1015/1354, Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Ethiopia relating to certain matters connected with the withdrawal of British Military Administration from the territories designated as the Reserved Area and the Ogaden, London, November 29, 1954. The rest of this paragraph is based on this document. Markaas waxaa buuq badan Qaramada Midoobay ka billaabay Talyaani oo yidhi Ogadeniya malaha Ethiopia iyo Ingiriis midna, waa in lagu daro dalalka xorriyadda la gaadhsiinayo, kadibna sheegay in uu isagu xorriyad gaadhsiiyo, maaddama uu yahay kan kaliya ee la hubo in uu soo gumeystay muddo shan sano ah. Ingiriis iyo Ethiopia midna ma qabsanin, warqado wax ku qoran ayey ku heshiiyeen, dadkii dhulka lahaana waxba lama weydiinnin. Arrintaasi, UN-ta macquul ayey noqotay, waxaana loo soo diray Boqorkii Norway in uu soo dhexdhexaadiyo Ethiopia iyo Talyaani kii gaadhsiin lahaa xorriyad 1956. Wuxuu la kulamay carqalad weyn, dhanka Ingiriiska, iyo dhanka Maraykankaba. Ingiriisku Talyani maba maqli karo, wuxuuna uga shakiyey in uusan ka kici doonin dhulkaas. Maraykanna waxay kaga dhagantahay anigaaba batrool ka soo saaray. Ergaygii loo diray dhexdhexaadinta Mr. Tigyve Lee warqad buu ku celiyey Qaramada Midoobay oo uu yidhi “dhulkan Talyaani iyo Ethiopia midna malaha, dadkii lahaa illaa lagala tashado waxba kama soconayaan” Warqaddaas ayaana ugu sarreysa bogga Qaramada Midoobay ee Ogadeniya. Labadii gobo ee British Somaliland iyo Italian Somaliland ayaa la gaadhay xilligii ay qaadanayey xorriyadda, halkaasna waxaa kasii socday halgankii Ogadeniya, oo maraya meesha aynu maanta arkayno. Warqaddaas ugu sarreysa oo boodhka laga jafo iyo gaaskeenna oo aynu addunka kula heshiinno ayaana inaga xigta xorriyaddeena insha allaah.
Posted on: Tue, 30 Dec 2014 17:05:09 +0000
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