Origin[edit] H. A. Rose enlisted Channa in Bawan Gota of Kambohs.[1] In the book Mahabharats approximately 200 Kshatriyan races are mentioned in the Sub-Continent, of whom Chib, Hun, Dard, Shina (China or Channa) Dakh, Pakhtu and Kombed are described in the regions, south of Palmir and Oxus River.[2] Before conquest of Sindh by Muhammadais[edit] After the accession of Chach of Alor all the four outlying provinces which Hieun Tsang saw as parts of Sind, declared independence. Since he saw a Sudra ruling Sind, Chach may have ascended the throne after 640 A.D. and the four provinces rebelled on his usurpation. Among the tribes, which raised this rebellion, Chachnama mentions Sama, Sahta, Channa, Lohana and Jats. It seems that the rebellion was subdued by winning over Buddhist priests (Shamanis), as Arabs saw most of forts held by them in 711 A.D. The powerful Governor of Bahmanabad, Agham Lohana was defeated and killed.[3] The Jat, the Lohana, the Sama, Sahta and the Channa tribes who were mainly Buddhists refused to acknowledge the over lordship of the Hindu Raja.[4] Conquest of Sindh by Muhammadais[edit] When Siwistan was attacked by Muhammad Kasim, the governor fled to Budhiya, where was a fortress called Sisam, on the banks of the Kumbh, whither he was pursued by the Arab general, who encamped with a portion of his army at Nilhan on the Kumbh. Here, the chiefs of Budhiya determined to make a night attack upon his camp. These chiefs of Budhiya, who were of the same family as the ruler of Sisam, are subsequently shown to be Channa; whose origin was derived from a place on the banks of the Gang, which they call Aundhar. After failing in this expedition, they voluntarily surrendered themselves, as they had found from the books of the Buddhists that Hindustan was destined to be conquered by the army of Islam, and then turned their arms vigorously against their former comrades. On Muhammads advancing to Sisam, some of the idolaters fled to Budhya, higher up: some to the fort of Bahitlur, between Saluj and Kandhabel; and there sued for peace, and after agreeing to pay tribute, sent their hostages to Siwistan.[5] The men of Chinuh, hearing the news of the forces of Islam, brought great and fitting presents for, and met Mahomed Kasim; and having agreed to obey his orders, and to pay tribute, they were given their leave and went away. This is the reason why the theologians of Islamism called the country on that side of the river, which was in the hands of the Chinuhs, “Ooshree” (the land which pays one-tenth as yearly tribute.[6] Title of Murzoog[edit] The men of Chinuh sent a man as a spy to the army of Mahomed Kasim. He arrived at the force at the time of the summons to prayer. He was noticing the condition of the troops. At that time the congregation was drawn up in lines for prayers, and Mahomed Kasim was conducting the duties of chief priest; the imitators were all following the motions of the chief priest. The spy, seeing this occurrence, returned, and, explaining to the men of Chinuh, said By the oath of God! I have seen those people so united, that to whatever business they turn their heads, they will assuredly accomplish it. He also told them the circumstance of the imitation of the priest by the people at prayers. On hearing this, the Chinuh people had a wish to go to them; so they came, and submitted to the orders of Islamism. Of the people of Sind, the first to become Musulmans were the Chinuhs. It is said, that when the Chinuh people came to submit to Mahomed the son of Kasim, they brought trays full of victuals as a banquet for Mahomed Kasim. He said: “These people provided for” (Murzoog). On this account the Chinuhs are called Murzoog.[6] Samma dynasty[edit] Main article: Samma Dynasty The officers of Sultan Masud possessed themselves of the country of Sind, in succession to those of Mahmud. Then followed the officers of Maudiid, then the officers of Majdud; next the officers of Sultan Kutbu-d Din, and lastly, the officers of Aram Shah. During the reign of the latter king, his dominions were parcelled into four divisions: one of which comprising Multan, the whole of Sind, and Uch, became subject to Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha. At that time the following seven Ranas in Sind were tributary to Multan:— Rana Buhnar Sata Rathor, of Dabra, in the district of Durbela; Rana Sanir, son of Dhamaj, of the tribe of Kureja Samma, residing in Tung, lying within the district of Rupah; Jaisar, son of Jajji Machhi Solanki, of Maniktara; Wakia, son of Pannun Channun, who was established in the valley of Siwi; Channun, son of Dita, of the tribe of Channa, resident of Bhag-nai; Jiya, son of Wariah, of Jham, or Hemakot; Jasodhan Akra, of Min-nagar district of Bambarwa. Further, when Lahore was taken by the officers of Tajuddin Yildoz, Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha took refuge in the city of Multan; and towards the end of the year 626 H. (1229 A.D.) Malik Khan Khilji and his people, became masters of the country of Siwistan. Sultan Shamsur-d din Iltamsh, having deputed his minister Nizamu-l Mulk Muhammad, son of Asad, to besiege Uch, set out for Dehli. Annals of Jaisalmer[edit] Rao Kehar I, a name highly respected in the history of the Bhatti race, and whose exploit has been already recorded, must have been the contemporary of the celebrated Caliph Al Walid, the first whose arms extended to the plains of India, and one of whose earliest conquests and chief positions was Aror, the capital of Upper Sind. Kehar had five sons; namely, Tano, Utirao, Chanar, Kaphrio, them. All of them had offspring[a], who became the heads of clans, retaining the patronymic. All were soldiers of fortune, and they conquered the lands of the Chana Rajputs[b]; but the latter revenged themselves upon Kehar, whom they attacked and slew as he was hunting. Tano succeeded. He laid waste the lands of the Barahas[c], and those of the Langaha of Multan. But Husain Shah advanced with the Langaha Pathans[d], clothed in armour with iron helms, with the men of Dudi[e], of Khichi[f] the Khokhar[g]; the Mogul, the Johya[h], the Jud, and Sayyid, all mounted on horses, to the number of ten thousand men, to attack the Jadon.[7] Jaisalmer becomes a Mughal fief[edit] Rawal Amar Singh, son of Sabal, succeeded. He led the tika-daur against the Balochs, who had invaded the western tracts, and was installed on the field of victory. Soon after, he demanded aid from his subjects to portion his daughter, and being opposed by his Rajput minister, Raghunath, he put him to death. The Chana Rajputs, from the north-east, having renewed their old raids, he in person attacked and compelled them to give bonds, or written obligations, for their future good conduct.[7] Historical legacies[edit] Relation with Kalhoras[edit] Legally, no land was subject both to kharaj and ushari; but it may be questioned whether the Sindian ushari, though it was confessedly considered as an indulgence, is to be construed in its strict legal application. The parties from whom it was taken were the people of Nairun and the Channas west of the Indus, of whom we still find a remnant not far from Manchhar lake, and from whom the Kalhoras are in reality descended, notwithstanding their various attempts to disguise the humiliating fact. Mr. Renouard conceives that the Kalhoras are Kurds, because the Jahan-numa mentions that name among the Kurdish clans. There may possibly have been some connection between them and the converted Channas, for we know that Kurds are to be found as far eastward as Gandava.[5] Whereas the Kalhoras claimed descent from Abbas. They were originally Channa Sindhis, and therefore converted Hindoos. When the family rose to distinction, it asserted a right to be called Beni Abbas; but their Shajaro or genealogical tree was pronounced by the learned to be a complete failure. Upon this, they sent a messenger to copy the documents in the possession of the holy men of Sehrah Khatibah, and when the latter offered some objection, the Kalhoras confiscated their feofs, attacked and destroyed their villages, carried off the copper plates upon which the Shejaro was delineated, and thus became undoubted descendants from Abbas and Murshids.[8] Septs[edit] In Saman, the septs of Channa are Bakhani, Buch, Chana, Chana Katiar, Dargahya, Dilani, Fakirani, Golani, Hamdani, Innahani, Jalilani, Jamani, Jhangyani, Laani, Muhammadani, Marani, Musani, Sahra, Sajnani, Shanani, Sharifani, Sukhyani, Sumrani, Talhani, Tharani, Umrani, Wahani and Wahnani.[9] Demographics[edit] Pakistan[edit] The Channa can now be found in all districts of [[Sindh]mainly settlled in Dadu,Larkana, Shikarpur, Khairpur and Jacobabad districts with their sizable presence in other districts from Karachi to Kashmore] and are engaged in art, literature, politics, agriculture, civil service, defense forces, engineering, medicine and business. A family is also found in Punjab. Notable Channa[edit] Imran Channa, a contemporary visual artist. Mohammad Alam Channa, the worlds tallest man. In folklore[edit] Sindhi literature[edit] Mokhi and Matara (The Barmaid and the Devotees of Bacchus), a famous folktale appears to have originated in the pre-Muslim times, then the socio-political influence of Iran extended to Sind during the Sassanid period (4th to 7th century A.D.). References[edit] Notes Jump up ^ Utirao had five sons. Soma, Sahasi, Jiva, Chako, and Ajo; their issue had the generic term of Utirao. It is thus their clans and tribes are multiplied ad infinitum, and since the skill of the genealogist (Bhat) is required to keep them clear of incestuous marriages, even such uninteresting details have some value, as they stamp their annals with authenticity. Jump up ^ The tribe of Chana is now extinct. Jump up ^ These Indo-Scythic tribes were designated by the names of animals. The Barahas are the hogs; the Numris, the foxes; Takshaks, the snakes; Aswas or Asi, the horses, etc. (possibly an indication of totemism). Jump up ^ These Langaha Pathans were proselytes from the Solanki Rajputs, one of the four Agnikula races. Probably they inhabited the district of Lamghan, west of the Indus. It is curious and interesting to find that the Solanki gotracharya, or genealogical creed, claims Lohkot as their settlement. The use of the word Pathan by no means precludes their being Hindus. (The Langahs, originally Afghans, are now agriculturists (Rose, Glossary, iii. 30 f.).) Jump up ^ Babur, in his valuable Autobiography, gives us the names of all the tribes he met in his passage into India, and this enumeration goes far to prove the authenticity of the early annals of the Bhattis. Babur does not mention the men of Dudi. Jump up ^ The introduction of the name of this tribe here is highly important, and very interesting to those who have studied, in the Rajput bards, their early history. The bards of the Khichis give them this northern origin, and state that all Sindsagar, one of the duabs of the Panjab, belonged to them. Jump up ^ The Khokhar is most probably the Ghakkar. Babur writes the name Gakar, a singular race, and decidedly Scythic in their habits even in his day. (The Khokhar and Ghakkar tribes are often confused (Rose ii. 554).) Jump up ^ Of the Judis and Johyas we have already spoken as inhabiting the range called in the native annals Jadu-ka-dang, and by Babur the hill of Jud, skirting the Behat. The position of Bahara is laid down in that monument of genius and industry, the Memoir of Reunel (who calls it Bheera), in 32° N. and 72° 10 E.; and by Elphinstone in 32° 10, but a whole degree further to the east, or 73° 15. This city, so often mentioned in the Yadu-Bhatti annals as one of their intermediate places of repose, on their expulsion from India and migration to Central Asia, has its position minutely pointed out by the Emperor Babur (Tods Annals p. 259), who, in his attack on the hill tribes of Jats, Gujars, Ghakkars, etc., adjoining Kashmir, expelled Hati Guker from Behreh, on the Behut River, near the cave temples of Gar-kotri at Bikrum, of which the able annotator remarks, that as well as those of But Bamian, they were probably Buddhist. Babur (Tods Annals p. 294) also found the Jats masters of Sialkot, most likely the Salpur of the Inscription (Tods Annals p. 916), conquered from a Jat prince in the twelfth century by the Patan prince, and presumed to be the Salbahanpur founded by the fugitive Yadu prince of Gajni. Citations Jump up ^ Rose, compiled by H.A (1997). A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West frontier province. New Delhi: Nirmal Publishers and Distributors. ISBN 8185297703. Jump up ^ Tyagi, Vidya Prakash (2009). Martial races of undivided India. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. p. 309. ISBN 9788178357751. Jump up ^ Panhwar, M. H. (1983). Chronological Dictionary of Sindh. Islamabad, Pakistan: Institute of Sindhlogy, University of Sind Jamshoro, in collaboration with Academy of Letters, Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Education. p. 703. Jump up ^ Bukhari, Mastoor Fatima (2010). Development of Buddhism and its Cultural Influence on the Religious Beliefs and Practices of Successive Periods in Sindh. Department of General History / University of Karachi, Karachi. Retrieved 25 November 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b M.R.A.S., Professor John Dowson (1867). Sir H. M. Elliot, K.C.B., ed. The History of India. London: Trubner and Co., 60, Paterkostee Row. p. 584. ^ Jump up to: a b Bakhri, Mir Masoom Shah (End of 1600). Taarikh-i-Masoomi (in Persian). Bombay, India: Translated by Captain George Grenville Malet in 1846 from Persian into English and published by Bombay Education Society’s Press. p. 178. ^ Jump up to: a b introduction, James Tod ; edited with an; Crooke, notes by William (1987). Annals and antiquities of Rajasthan, or the Central and Western Rajput states of India (Repr. ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 8120803809. Jump up ^ Burton, Richard F. (1992). Sindh and the races that inhabit the Valley of the Indus : with notices of the topography and history of [the] province. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120607589. Jump up ^ Ansari, Sheikh Sadik Ali Sher Ali (1901). A Short Sketch, Historical and Traditional, of the Musalman Races Found in Sind, Baluchistan and Afghanistan, Their Genealogical Sub-Divisions and Septs, Together with an Ethnological and Ethnographical. Karachi: Commissioner’s Press. p. 114. 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