Persian and Hellenistic period Of the 545 up to 538 pr. Kr. the entire Middle East, including this region, came under the rule of the Persian Empire (539 BC. Kr. Persian king of kings, Cyrus the Great, overwhelmed Babylon). In the fourth c. Kr., Conquests of Alexander the Great, all of these areas come under Hellenistic influence, whose duration is calculated to Pompeys conquest of the mid-first c. Kr. Persian rule and the return of the Jews in Judea Persian ruler Cyrus the Great around 537 pr. Kr. Jews to return to Jerusalem and allowing the restoration of the temple. While the Bible (the book of Ezra and Nehemiah) that his move is interpreted as an act of devotion to the God of the Jews, from historical sources we learn that Cyrus had just acted with shrines and temples of other nations. In this area, gaining sympathy of the local population was important in terms of future conquest of Egypt. Towards the end of the sixth c. Kr. completed the renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem then operate the prophets Haggai and Zechariah. During the period of religious renewal in the fifth c. Kr. some see the beginnings sinagogalnog worship in Judaism. Darija trilingual Behistun inscription in Persian, Elamite and Babylonian language, which mentions Dariuss rise to power, as well as the names of 23 satrapy under his direction (Kermanšaška province, Iran) During the reign of Darius I the Great (522-486. Pr. Kr.) Established the boundaries of this new force, and is stable and the internal structure by dividing it into twenty satrapies. Each of them is divided into smaller provinces. The area of Israel and Palestine made up only a small part of the satrapy which was called Across the river (referring to the Euphrates), and it is still active and Syria, Phoenicia and Cyprus. At the time of the Persian smaller provinces in this area were: Megiddo, Dor, Samaria, Judea, Ashdod and Gaza. At the head of each province was a Persian or a local governor who was responsible Satrapi satrapy Over the River. In Judea managers were Jewish (eg Zerubbabel had high priest in the temple, and in the whole province valid legislation Bible Pentateuch. So the province of Judea actually become a theocratic state that had the right and the forging of their own money labeled jhd (Heb. jahud , Judah). Featured are disputes between the provinces of Judea and Samaria (the governor Sanballat), of which there are written records. At that time established and Jewish military colony at Elephantine, an island near Aswan in Egypt, where he found a large number of papyrus with writings from the 5th century BC. Kr. Aramaic. And, while the Persian rulers were very lenient in matters of culture and religion, in terms of taxation and finance were very strict. Taxes are paid mainly in precious metals. The Hellenistic period Coin of Antiochus IV. Epiphanes with the inscription: ΘΕΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΝΙΚΗΦΟΡΟΥ / ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ (God Epiphanes Pobjedonosca / King Antiochus) In 332 pr. Kr. Alexander the Great defeated the Persians. After his death (323 BC. Kgs.), Its areas are divided among dijadosima, and the area of Israel and Palestine, in the process, five times changing rulers, passing from hand Seleucid (which had been assigned to Syria and Babylonia) in the hands of the Ptolemies ( Egypt). Thus 301 pr. Kr. This part of the Ptolemaic state, while it from 200 pr. Kr., Seleucid rule. Hellenistic culture has permeated society, from architecture and ceramics, to sports and literature. Around 200 pr. Kr., Probably in Alexandria, a good portion of the Old Testament was translated into Greek, and some books of the Bible and produced originally in Greek. In addition, produced a rich apocalyptic literature. Immediately after the capture of Judea, Antiochus III. Great Seleucid dynasty guarantees that province status theocratic state, and it increases the role of the chief priests. However, such a position Judah did not stay long. When he came to power Antiochus IV. Epiphanes started the conflict, culminating in the great persecution of the Jews of 167 up to 164 pr. Kr. and a decree prohibiting the Jewish rituals in the temple of Jerusalem, where he introduced the worship of the Olympian Zeus. These procedures encourage Jewish revolt led by the Maccabees. With the death of Antiochus IV. the situation calms down, and re-dedicate the Temple of the Jews 164 pr. Kr. (The event is celebrated in Judaism as the Feast of Chanukah). However, conflicts will continue until Antiochus VI. not appointed by the governor of Syria Jonathan Maccabeus and his brother Simon military commander. Simon will eventually become a high priest and first etnarh Judea (143rd to 134th pr. Kr.). This period begins Dynasty Hašmonejaca that will end the second and the entire first c. Kr. marked by violent dynastic struggles. Hellenistic painted tombs (Meres, Israel). Being etnarh, who had political power, and the high priest of this period was the same person, increased the role of the clergy in Judea, and in response to such a situation arise vjerse different sects. Among the most famous are the Pharisees and the Essenes, as well as a community, as opposition Jerusalem temple clergy, gathered at Qumran. With the priests hand founded the party of the Sadducees. Fighting between the Maccabees and the Hellenists were sworn to and attested in the archaeological excavations in the form of typical and a typical Jewish Hellenistic art. Thus, for example, from the same period have the finest Hellenistic oil lamps, but those rough and made obsolete Jewish guy, as a sign of rejection of the paper. At the same time, the area is a mixed population of Samaria and resist violent attempts judizacije. In the middle of the first c. Kr. Selukovića weak power, and the historical scene come Romans. Roman and Byzantine period Under Roman rule Detail of Herods winter palace in Jericho (1st century pr.ne). During the struggle for power in Judea between the two Hasmonejaca, Hyrcanus II., With whom they have agreed Pharisees and Aristobulus II., With whom they have agreed opponents of the Pharisees, in their disputes to interfere with the Romans in the person of Pompey the Great. On 63 pr. Kr. overwhelmed Judea, Aristobulus was deposed and the place of the high priest, and then etnarha, resets Hyrcanus, and Judah became part of the Roman province of Syria. At that time all the more stronger role Hyrcanus officers Antipater. 40 pr. Kr. Judea break Parthians, drains Hyrcanus and Antipaterov son, Herod fled to Rome. Hence organized reconquest of Judea and 37 pr. Kr. Jerusalem wins and becomes king of Judea and the surrounding areas, including Samaria and Galilee. Herod for his government is undertaking extensive building works, raises works like Masada and Herodion, built palaces, like his winter palace in Jericho, and renews the sanctuary, such as the one in Hebron and, in particular, the temple in Jerusalem. Roman Theatre and the main street of Beth Shean (Skitopolisu), Israel (1st-3rd century). After Herods death, his kingdom was divided among his sons, who ruled some parts of this area were as etnarsi, either as tetrarches. 6th The Emperor Augustus transformed into Judea Prokuratorska province, while in other parts a while Herods reign successors. Among procurators, namely managers, Judah will be Pontius Pilate First century was marked by great turmoil, both on the political and the religious field. In this context it appears Jesus Christ and the Jewish sect, which would later become known as Christianity. At the same time strengthen and other sects, like the Pharisees, Essenes and Zealots. In 66th Nice first Jewish revolt against the Romans. Vespasian (of the 67 year war in Judea) coup 69 he became the head of Rome, his son Titus wins Jerusalem 70 destroying the second temple (for a more extensive review see the article Zealots), and the final victory of glory at the fortress of Masada after a long siege. The remains of the procurators palace in Caesarea, Israel (1st-3rd century). Rabbi Johanan ben Zakaj, Pharisees, Zealots opponent), fleeing from Jerusalem and from Rome attempted to obtain a license to establish a center of learning and the seat of the Sanhedrin in Jabni, where at the end of the second century will be determined by the composition of the Jewish Bible, the Tanakh is. In this way, Judaism survived the destruction of the Temple and the destruction of Jerusalem. Sanhedrin became and remained the supreme religious, political and judicial authority to the 425th year, when he forcibly disbanded by the then Christian, Roman Empire. Jews, in the second century, rising second uprising led Barkokeba, which the Romans stifle 135 year. (See ospežniji display: Uprising Simon Barkokeba). After that, the Romans assuage the Jews from Jerusalem, changing the name of the city Aelia Capitolina in, while changing the name of the province in Syria-Palestine by the Greek name. They are rich in archaeological finds from Herod or the Roman Empire. In addition to the already mentioned Herods architectural works, there are the remains of entire cities, such as Beth-shean, Banijasa, Sepphoris and Caesarea, and something remains of Roman street is visible in Jerusalem. The Rise and Fall of Byzantium Floor mosaic of Constantine Basilica of the Nativity, Bethlehem (4th century). The mosaic is visible Greek inscription ΙΧΘΥΣ ihthys = fish, which is an acronym for Jesus Christ - the Son of God Savior). Coming to power of Emperor Constantine I (306th to 337th) and his Edict of Milan which Christianity proclaims permitted by religion (Latin religio bid), they begin to change the situation in this region, particularly after Constantines victory over his co-ruler of the East, Licinius (about 325). According to reports Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea and contemporaries of Constantine, was a big part of Constantine mother Helene (in some regions called and Jelena), which encouraged her son to draw closer to Christianity. Justinians Basilica in Bethlehem. Under this influence, but in the fourth century in Jerusalem occurs Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre on the site of Calvary and the tomb of Jesus in Bethlehem was built Basilica of the Nativity, created sanctuaries in other regions. In a growing number of Christian pilgrims visiting the regions leading to increasing economic prosperity. In addition, pilgrims often leave and written reports on their travels, who are up to date izovri valuable knowledge about the circumstances of the time. At the same time, the Jews, who had 135 The expelled from Jerusalem, now on holidays must visit this city, which again carries its old name. In Galilee, especially in the booming city of Tiberias rabbinical school where standardized vocalized text of the Hebrew Bible. Throughout the Byzantine period were the leaders of the Jews bore the title of patriarch. From that time, surviving numerous synagogues, both in Galilee (in Capernaum, Katzrinu, Korozaimu, Tiberias, Sepphoris, ponds), and in Samaria (like the one in Beth-Alfi, with beautiful mosaic), and Judah (eg, En Gedi) . The synagogue in Capernaum (4th-5th century). New, but the last big sweep of Byzantine power in this region occurs at the time of Emperor Justinian I (527th to 565th). It is through a single religion, Christianity, wished to unite his vast and diverse empire, and was banned and severely persecuted every pagan cult. From that moment, changing the position of the Jews. Not only have they been limited So far the law, but they were forbidden to use Hebrew in the synagogues. Even worse were the Samaritans who were therefore undertaken uprisings, but also the right of revenge against Christians in the area of Samaria. In line with this policy of Justinian went and new construction of large churches and upgrade old ones, and throughout the Middle East numerous ruins, pottery and notes from that era. While the Byzantine Empire was preoccupied by civil wars and defending the borders of Slavs and Avars, the Persian ruler Hozroje II. Parviz the Sassanid dynasty wins 614th Jerusalem, and then to Egypt. On this occasion, all the churches were destroyed, except those in Bethlehem. The Byzantine emperor Heraclius (610th to 641st) manages 627 The reclaim lost areas. However, the Byzantine Empire, digested and inner discontent caused by excessive administration and lack of understanding of local Semitic culture no longer in the area to rebuild their power. The period of the Arab conquest and the Crusades Another successor of Muhammad, Caliph Omar (Arabic Umar ibn al-Khattab) continues with the conquest of these parts of the Byzantine Empire. 636 in the Battle of Jarmuka Arab forces show stronger than that of the Byzantine suddenly begin to withdraw. The following is a seven-month siege of Jerusalem, after which, according to later testimony, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Sophronius Omar gives keys to the city. Early Umayyad times and Abbasids The whole area of present-day Israel and the Palestinian Authority remained constant under Muslim rule for more than four centuries, until the 1099th year. The government early Umayyad times Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (7th-8th century). The fifth caliph, Muawiyah I. (661st to 680th), usually held early Umayyad times the founder of the dynasty that was to 750 generally ruled from Damascus. In their time moved more and more Arabs in these areas, the use of the Greek language disappears, and then the Syrians, and began to use Arabic. From now here with, Jews and Christians, and Muslims are, but took more than a hundred years to become a majority Muslim population. All the time indicated by the Umayyad government welfare, and it is this area, due to the proximity of Damascus, have benefited from the great conquests that have reached all the way to Spain. 691 was erected in the famous Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and built in other places. It is particularly known omejidska Hisham Palace in Jericho. See also: Islamic art and architecture Abbasid power Moving the center of government in Baghdad, 762 years, under the rule of the Abbasid dynasty and the meaning of the area of Israel and Palestine has been reduced dramatically. However, it was during the boom of Islamic art, philosophy, literature and culture in which he took part in this area. Such a state will be terminated early 11th century Seljuk incursions and the rule of Fatimid Cairo. And while in the past these largely prevailed attitude of tolerance toward Jews and Christians, and some zauizmali and important positions in the state, there were exceptions, including the famous so-called. Mad Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah who is the 1009th destroyed the Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. His successors continued the previous policy, but the 1076th Jerusalem occupied by the Seljuks, hostile to Christians, which was one of the reasons the First Crusade.
Posted on: Wed, 02 Apr 2014 03:08:59 +0000
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