Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint-Pierre is the smaller island and the only significantly populated town (the capital), and the central area of activity. Miquelon - the larger island actually there are three of them, connected by drifted sand and village, Basque and Acadian history, and a large amount of wildlife, small farming operations and summer homes. Saint Pierre and Miquelon is located about 12.5 miles or twenty kilometers from the south side of the Canadian island of Newfoundland. Miquelon-Langlade the larger of the two inhabited islands 130 miles or 209 km, there were 698 inhabitants in the 1999 census. But it is on the 16.8 miles or 27 km of Saint-Pierre that concentrates the greater part of the population to be approximately 5,600 persons. When we mentioned this small archipelago, it is common to the present as the French land of North America. This attribute is geopolitically indisputable. A concession of England triumphant has in effect allowed France to retain a presence explicitly and only dedicated by the clauses of the Treaty of Paris (1763) to serve as a point of support for the important fishing industry metropolitan. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, fishing is an activity relegated to a level almost symbolic but it has not provided closed the villages1 , and people continue to live there. French therefore Europeans, they are inevitably also Americans. Artifacts belonging to indigenous peoples have been found on Saint-Pierre. However, there was no aboriginal population on the island when the first European arrived The first European discovery of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon was on 21 October 1520, by the Portuguese João Álvares Fagundes, who bestowed on them their original name of Islands of the 11,000 Virgins, as the day marked the feast day of St. Ursula and her virgin companions. They were made a French possession in 1536 by Jacques Cartier on behalf of the King of France. Though already frequented by Mikmaq people and Basque and Breton fishermen, the islands were not permanently settled until the end of the 17th century: four permanent inhabitants were counted in 1670, and 22 in 1691. The Mikmaq practice of playing hockey appeared in recorded colonial histories from as early as the 18th century. Since the nineteenth century, the Mikmaq were credited with inventing the ice hockey stick. The oldest known hockey stick was made between 1852 and 1856. Recently, it was appraised at $4 million US and sold for $2.2 million US. The stick was carved by Mi’kmaq from Nova Scotia, who made it from Hornbeam, also known as ironwood. In the mid-nineteenth century, the Starr Manufacturing Company began to sell the Mic-Mac hockey sticks nationally and internationally. Hockey became a popular sport in Canada in the 1890s. Throughout the first decade of the twentieth century, the Mic-Mac Hockey Stick was the best-selling hockey stick in Canada. By 1903, apart from farming, the principal occupation of the Mikmaq on reserves throughout Nova Scotia, and particularly on the Shubenacadie, Indian Brook and Millbrook Reserves, was producing the Mic-Mac Hockey Stick. The department of Indian Affairs for Nova Scotia noted in 1927, that the Mikmaq remained the experts at making hockey sticks. The Mikmaq continued to make hockey sticks until the 1930s, when the product was industrialized. During the colonial period, the Mikmaq were allied with the French. As a result, when the French were defeated by the British in 1763, the Mikmaq in Newfoundland were regarded with suspicion by British authorities. By this time, the Newfoundland Mikmaq had developed a distinctive way of life hunting caribou, trapping furs, and exchanging them for necessities such as guns, kettles, knives. The First Nation’s people are indigenous to Canadas Maritime Provinces and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. They call this region Mikmaki. Others today live in Newfoundland and the Northeastern region of Maine. The nation has a population of about 40,000 plus about 25,000 in the Qalipu First Nation of whom nearly 11,000 speak the Míkmaq language. Once written in Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing, it is now written using most letters of the standard Latin alphabet. The Grand Council (also known as Santé Mawiómi) was the traditional senior level of government for the Mikmaq people until Canada passed the Indian Act (1876) to require First Nations to establish representative elected governments. After implementation of the Indian Act, the Grand Council adopted a more spiritual function. The Grand Council was made up of representatives from the seven district councils in Mikmaki. On September 26, 2011 the Government of Canada announced the recognition of Canadas newest Mikmaq First Nations Band, the Qalipu First Nations in Newfoundland and Labrador. The new band, which is landless, has accepted 25,000 applications to become part of the band. The number of applications received by the application deadline on November 30, 2012 exceeded 100,000. The majority of these have yet to be processed. Its members are recognized as Status Indians, joining other organized Mikmaq bands recognized in southeast Canada. French fishermen occasionally still visited the region, although they preferred the French Shore of Newfoundland, richer in fish and with greater possibilities for provisioning and repairs compared to these smaller islands. Under the terms of the 1763 Treaty of Paris, which put an end to the Seven Years War, France ceded all its North American possessions, but Saint-Pierre and Miquelon were returned to France. France also maintained fishing rights on the coasts of Newfoundland. After the long interlude of British occupation from 1714 to 1763, the islands knew little peace, but witnessed a significant rise in business and population, as they were now the last French territory in North America. An opening on the world by fishing the renewed commitment of France to obtain its winners of 1763 and 1815 the possibility to continue to have a base of support in North America is explained by the importance of an industry that leads good year in and year out of thousands - or the more often a few tens of thousands - of fishermen on the banks of Newfoundland. Until the nineteenth century, having regard in particular to the instability in terms of sovereignty, fishing practices confined Saint- Pierre -et-Miquelon in a role any summineur2. From 1816, the year of the restart, the geopolitical situation finally stable in the region allows the colony to play continuously the role that him have vested the authorities. The integration in the commercial circuits triangular or quadrangular transatlantic could recall the case of the rotating plate in the chain cod in Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. This was held by the jersey companies particularly in the functions of collection and redistribution. However contrary to the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec station, the development to a partial acquisition of the system by the local ship-owners thus establishing a constitutive cleavage of the identity of the archipelago. The latter, without actually practicing the great fishing are any of them even also of fishing for export. The community of St. Pierre and Miquelon has thus exceeded the role of simple seasonal basis of fishing near the benches that wished to assign the French authorities. The archipelago was well received, contrary to small establishments Newfondlander’s relatives of the training effect played by the metropolitan fishing. The history of fishing in the vicinity of Newfoundland has been the subject of a large body of literature, of the more quantitative, endeavoring to count the tons of cod. Historically, two types of fishing to the cod are cohabiting in the northwest Atlantic. The first is the fishery to the benches, to the cod so-called green. The armed vessels in the metropolitan ports are berthed in March-April to September on benches, the more often without touching land. The cod is processed on board, kept by salting and when the shims are fulfilled, it is route to the European markets. During the early 1910s, the colony suffered severely as a result of unprofitable fisheries, and large numbers of its people emigrated to Nova Scotia and Quebec. The draft imposed on all male inhabitants of conscript age after the beginning of World War I crippled the fisheries, which could not be processed by the older people and the women and children. About 400 men from the colony served in the French military during World War I, 25% of whom died. The increase in the adoption of steam trawlers in the fisheries also contributed to the reduction in employment opportunities. After the fall of France during World War II, most of the war veterans and sailors in the colony supported the Free French of General Charles de Gaulle. The administrator of the colony, Gilbert de Bournat, sided with the Vichy regime. De Gaulle decided to seize the archipelago, over the opposition of the United States. The general covertly gave Admiral Émile Muselier the order to proceed, resulting in the successful Free French coup de main on Christmas Day 1941. The United States Department of State and Cordell Hull in particular were infuriated by the result. The incident ultimately served to focus the American public opinion on the ambivalence of the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in its dealings with Vichy, and also led to a lasting distrust between De Gaulle and Roosevelt. Because of its location at the confluence of the cold waters of the Labrador Current and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, the archipelago is also crossed a hundred days a year by fog banks, mainly in June and July. Two other climatic elements are crucial: the extremely variable winds and haze during the spring to early summer. RB SAINT-Pierre et MIquelon Tcrrc Française en Amériquc du Nord French Land in North America Purchased from Air-Saint Pierre 1975
Posted on: Sat, 09 Nov 2013 22:19:08 +0000
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