THESE ANIMALS ARE “ELECTRIC” In a study published today in the journal Science, researchers have worked out how six different groups of electric fish evolved organs capable of generating electricity. All muscle cells have electrical potential, but in these six groups of fish, certain muscle cells evolved over millions of years into cells called electrocytes, which generate much higher voltages than ordinary muscle cells do. This enabled these electric fish, all native to the muddy Amazon River, to employ their active electric sense much like bats use echolocation: to detect obstacles and other animals in the dark. “Electric fish can electrically ‘illuminate’ their environs to detect objects that differ in their electric properties from the surrounding water,” says Gerhard von der Emde, a neuroethologist at the University of Bonn. They also produce electric signals to communicate with one another while attracting mates and marking their territory. 1. Electric Eel Despite its name and serpentine appearance, the electric eel is not an eel at all, but rather a type of electric fish. Like other electric fish, they’re nearly always producing low-voltage pulses to sense their environment. But they are more infamous for their ability to generate extremely high-voltage shocks to stun or kill prey and defend themselves. Electric eels can grow to over eight feet (2.4 meters) long and weigh nearly 50 pounds (22.7 kilograms). An eel this size can emit a burst of over 600 volts, five times the voltage of a standard U.S. wall socket. Human deaths from electric eel shocks are rare, but have occurred. Repeated shocks can cause respiratory and heart failure, and people have drowned after being stunned by electric eels. 2. Elephantnose Fish First of all, that’s not its nose—it’s actually an elongated chin. The scientific term for this specialized organ is the Schnauzenorgan, and it’s covered in sensors attuned to detecting electric fields. The elephantnose fish belongs to a group of electric fish native to Africa. Due to its poor eyesight, it must find food and navigate its surroundings by generating an electrical field through its tail. It then senses any changes to that field with its Schnauzenorgan. The organ is so sensitive that the elephantnose fish can tell the difference between living and dead bugs buried up to 0.8 inches (two centimeters) in the seafloor. They can also use the Schnauzenorgan to determine distances and distinguish between materials, shapes, and sizes of objects. Elephantnose fish also have an enormous brain relative to their body size, and von der Emde says the fish are very intelligent, easily learning new tasks and capable of understanding abstract concepts. “When ‘bored,’ they play with objects such as stones, air bubbles, or tubes that we put in their tanks,” he says. 3. Sharks All sharks and rays can detect electric fields, thanks to the hundreds to thousands of tiny pores, filled with an electrically conductive jelly, that pepper their head. Sharks primarily use their electric sense to find food. “Sharks can use other senses, like olfaction, to home in on prey and then do the final localization directed by their electric fields,” says David Bodznick, a biologist at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. “It works well when prey is buried in the sand or at nighttime or in murky water.” Hammerhead sharks use their heads like giant detectors, sweeping them over the seafloor to sense the electrical impulses of buried fish. “It may be that the big, broad head of the hammerhead allows it to more accurately triangulate the position of prey,” says Stephen Kajiura, a biologist at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton. Sharks’ electrosense appears to be the most sensitive in the animal kingdom, capable of detecting voltage gradients as small as one billionth of a volt. It’s so sensitive, in fact, that scientists have trouble measuring it with even the most sophisticated instruments. 4. Electric Rays Some rays, in addition to being able to detect electrical fields, can produce electricity. There are 69 species of electric rays—found in all the world’s oceans—and they range in size from three feet (0.9 meters) across to about the size of a dinner plate. The voltage they produce varies with their size, with smaller rays generating less than ten volts and larger ones capable of producing up to 220 volts. Some species, like the Pacific electric ray, use their electricity to stun prey. But not all of them employ electricity when hunting. While studying the lesser electric ray, Kajiura found that even given multiple opportunities, these rays never used their electric organ to stun their prey. “When they were threatened by a predator, that’s when they zapped, and they zapped like crazy,” he says. Rays may also use their electric sense to detect predators, find mates, and communicate with one another.
Posted on: Fri, 22 Aug 2014 10:33:23 +0000
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