Take 02 minutes to read this post (MOST FAMOUS MUSLIM SCIENTISTS AND THEIR INVENTION) The Muslims made innumerable discoveries and wrote countless Books about Medicine,Surgery, Physics,Chemistry,Philosophy,Astrology,Geometry and various other fields. MUHAMMAD IBN MUSA AL-KHWARIZMI (780 –850) Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a Persian mathematician, astronomer,astrologer,geographer and a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.He was born in Persia of that time around 780.Al-Khwarizmi was one of the learned men who worked in the House of Wisdom.Al-Khwarizmi flourished while working as a member of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad under the leadership of Kalif al-Mamun,the son of the Khalif Harun al-Rashid,who was made famous in the Arabian Nights.The House of Wisdom was a scientific research and teaching center.Al-Khwarizmi developed the concept of the algorithm in mathematics (which is a reason for his being called the grandfather of computer science by some people).Al-Khwarizmi’s algebra is regarded as the foundation and cornerstone of the sciences.To al-Khwarizmi we owe the world “#_algebra,” from the title of his greatest mathematical work,Hisab al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabala. The book,which was twice translated into Latin,by both Gerard of Cremona and Robert of Chester in the 12th century,works out several100 simple quadratic equations by analysis as well as by geometrical example.It also has substantial sections on methods of dividing up inheritances and surveying plots of land.It is largely concerned with methods for solving practical computational problems rather than algebra as the term is now understood.Al-Khwarizmi confined his discussion to equations of the first and second degrees.He also wrote an important work on astronomy,covering calendars,calculating true positions of the sun,moon and planets,tables of sines and tangents,spherical astronomy,astrological tables, parallax and eclipse calculations, and visibility of the moon.His astronomical work,Zij al-sindhind, is also based on the work of other scientists.As with the Algebra,its chief interest is as the earliest Arab work still in existence in Arabic.His most recognized work as mentioned above and one that is so named after him is the mathematical concept Algorithm.The modern meaning of the word relates to a specific practice for solving a particular problem.Today people use algorithms to do addition and long division,principles that are found in Al-Khwarizmi’s text written over 2000 years ago.Al-Khwarizmi was also responsible for introducing the Arabic numbers to the West, setting in motion a process that led to the use of the nine Arabic numerals,together with the zero sign.Of great importance also was al-Khwarizmi’s contribution to medieval geography.He systematized and corrected Ptolemy’s research in geography,using his own original findings that are entitled as Surat al-Ard (The Shape of the Earth).The text exists in a manuscript; the maps have unfortunately not been preserved, although modern scholars have been able to reconstruct them from al-Khwarizmi’s descriptions.He supervised the work of 70 geographers to create a map of the then “known world”.When his work became known in Europe through Latin translations,his influence made a permanent mark on the development of science in the West.Al-Khwarizmi made several important improvements to the theory and construction of sundials, which he inherited from his Indian and Hellenistic predecessors.He made tables for these instruments which considerably shortened the time needed to make specific calculations. His sundial was universal and could be observed from anywhere on the Earth.From then on, sundials were frequently placed on mosques to determine the time of prayer.The shadow square,an instrument used to determine the linear height of an object, in conjunction with the alidade for angular observations,was also invented by al-Khwarizmi 09th-century in Baghdad.While his major contributions were the result of original research,he also did much to synthesize the existing knowledge in these fields from Greek,Indian,and other sources.A number of minor works were written by al-Khwarizmi on topics such as the astrolabe,on which he wrote on the Jewish calendar.He also wrote a political history containing horoscopes of prominent persons. IBN BATTUTA (1304 – 1369) Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta,was a Moroccan Muslim scholar and traveler.He is known for his traveling and going on excursions called the Rihla.His journeys lasted for a period of almost thirty years.This covered nearly the whole of the known Islamic world and beyond,extending from North Africa,West Africa,Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West,to the Middle East,Indian subcontinent,Central Asia,Southeast Asia,Pakistan and China in the East,a distance readily surpassing that of his predecessors. After his travel he returned to Morocco and gave his account of the experience to Ibn Juzay.Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta, was born in Tangier,Morocco,on the 24th of February-1304 C.E. (703 Hijri) during the time of the Marinid dynasty.He was commonly known as Shams ad-Din.His family was of Berber origin and had a tradition of service as judges.After receiving an education in Islamic law,he chose to travel.He left his house in June-1325,when he was 21 years of age and set off from his hometown on a hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca,a journey that took him 16 months.He did not come back to Morocco for at least 24 years after Hajj.His journey was mostly by land. To reduce the risk of being attacked, he usually chose to join a caravan.In the town of Safax,he got married. He survived wars,shipwrecks,and rebellions.He first began his voyage by exploring the lands of the Middle East.Thereafter he sailed down the Red Sea to Mecca.He crossed the huge Arabian Desert and traveled to Iraq and Iran.In 1330 he set of again,down the Red Sea to Aden and then to Tanzania.Then in 1332 Ibn Battuta decided to go to #_India.He was greeted open heartedly by the Sultan of #_Delhi. There he was given the job of a judge.He stayed in India for a period of 8 years and then left for China. Ibn Battuta left for another adventure in 1352.He then went south,crossed the Sahara desert,and visited the African kingdom of Mali. Finall......he returned home at Tangier in-1355.Those who were lodging Ibn Battuta’s grave Western Orient lists could not believe that Ibn Battuta visited all the places that he described.They argued that in order to provide a comprehensive description of places in the Muslim world in such a short time,Ibn Battuta had to rely on hearsay evidence and make use of accounts by earlier travelers.Ibn Battuta often experienced culture shock in regions he visited.The local customs of recently converted people did not fit his orthodox Muslim background. Among Turks and Mongols,he was astonished at the way women behaved.They were given freedom of speech.He also felt that the dress customs in the Maldives and some Sub-Saharan regions in Africa were too revealing. IBN RUSHD (1126 – 1198) Abu Walid Mohammad Ibn Rushd born in 1128 C.E. in Cordova has been held as one of the greatest thinkers and scientists of the history. A product of 12th-century Islamic Spain,he set out to integrate Aristotelian philosophy with Islamic thought.A common theme throughout his writings is that there is no inappropriateness between religion and philosophy when both are properly understood.His contributions to philosophy took many forms,ranging from his detailed commentaries on Aristotle, his defence of philosophy against the attacks of those who condemned it as different to Islam and his construction of a form of Aristotelianism which cleansed it,as far as was possible at the time,of Neoplatonic influences.Ibn Rushd’s education followed a traditional path,beginning with studies in Hadith,linguistics,jurisprudence and scholastic theology.Throughout his life he wrote extensively on Philosophy and Religion,attributes of God,origin of the universe,Metaphysics and Psychology but he excelled in philosophy and jurisprudence and was nicknamed “the jurisprudent philosopher”.The role of the philosopher in the state was a topic of continual interest for Ibn Rushd.His thought is genuinely creative and highly controversial,producing powerful arguments that were to puzzle his philosophical successors in the Jewish and Christian worlds.He seems to argue that there are two forms of truth,a religious form and a philosophical form,and that it does not matter if they point in different directions.He also appears to be doubtful about the possibility of personal immortality or of God’s being able to know that particular events have taken place.There is much in his work also which suggests that religion is inferior to philosophy as a means of attaining knowledge,and that the understanding of religion. Continue..........
Posted on: Sat, 02 Aug 2014 02:42:08 +0000
Recently Viewed Topics
© 2015