Unconventional drilling (selain vertical drilling) menyebabkan produksi minyak melimpah di Amerika Serikat sehingga mereka bisa memproduksi minyak dalam jumlah yang besar dan bahkan mungkin menjadi negara pengekspor minyak suatu saat. Kejadian ini adalah salah satu alasan kenapa harga minyak dunia turun drastis selain demand yang juga turun dan Saudi Arabia menambah produksi minyaknya. Efek politiknya adalah Rusia, Iran, dan Venezuela tertekan oleh turunnya harga minyak ini. Seharusnya Indonesia BISA MENURUNKAN HARGA BBM. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The oil and gas extraction industry can be classified into four major processes: (1) exploration, (2) well development, (3) production, and (4) site abandonment. Exploration involves the search for rock formations associated with oil or natural gas deposits, and involves geophysical prospecting and/or exploratory drilling. Well development occurs after exploration has located an economically recoverable field, and involves the construction of one or more wells from the beginning (called spudding) to either abandonment if no hydrocarbons are found, or to well completion if hydrocarbons are found in sufficient quantities Production is the process of extracting the hydrocarbons and separating the mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, gas, water, and solids, removing the constituents that are non-saleable, and selling the liquid hydrocarbons and gas. Production sites often handle crude oil from more than one well. Oil is nearly always processed at a refinery; natural gas may be processed to remove impurities either in the field or at a natural gas processing plant. Finally, site abandonment involves plugging the well(s) and restoring the site when a recently-drilled well lacks the potential to produce economic quantities of oil or gas, or when a production well is no longer economically viable. ADVANCED DRILLING TECHNOLOGIES Traditionally oil and gas wells are vertically drilled. Technological advancements have allowed operators to save time, reduce operational costs, and lessen their environmental impact. New drilling technologies include the following techniques: -Drilling Methods --HORIZONTAL DRILLING Horizontal drilling starts with a vertical well that turns horizontal within the reservoir rock in order to expose more open hole to the reservoir. These horizontal “legs” can be over a mile long; the longer the exposure length, the more oil and natural gas is drained and the faster it can flow. Horizontal wells are attractive because they (1) can be used in situations where conventional drilling is impossible or cost effective, (2) reduce surface disturbance by requiring less wells to reach the reservoir, and (3) can produce as much as 15 to 20 times as much oil and gas compared to a vertical well. --MULTILATERAL DRILLING Sometimes oil and natural gas reserves are located in separate layers underground. Multilateral drilling allows operators to branch out from the main well to tap reserves at different depths. This dramatically increases production from a single well and reduces the number of wells drilled on the surface. --EXTENDED REACH DRILLING Extended reach drills allow producers to reach deposits that are great distances away from the drilling rig. This can help producers tap oil and natural gas deposits under surface areas where a vertical well cannot be drilled, such as under developed or environmentally sensitive areas. Wells can now reach out over 5 miles from the surface location and, dozens of wells can be drilled from a single location, reducing surface impacts. --COMPLEX PATH DRILLING Complex well paths can have multiple twists and turns to try to hit multiple accumulations from a single well location. Using this technology can be more cost effective and produce less waste and surface impacts than drilling multiple wells. BENEFITS OF DIRECTIONAL (ADVANCED) DRILLING TECHNOLOGIES -IMPROVE oil production and increase reserves -INTERSECTING natural fractures that cannot be accessed with vertical wells -DELAYING the onset of gas or water coning ( a term used to describe the mechanism underlying the upward movement of water and/or the downward movement of gas into the perforations of a producing well) so that more oil is produced. -IMPROVING production from thin or tight reservoirs -FOR RESERVOIRS INJECTED with fluids to increase oil or gas production, IMPROVING WATERFLOOD SWEEP EFFICIENCY or the ability to force more oil out of the reservoir after initial extraction.
Posted on: Mon, 22 Dec 2014 16:03:08 +0000
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