Điền Phạm Kim làm theo hướng dẫn nhé. Foreign ___________ in African land is growing. Countries like China, Saudi Arabia and South Korea are leasing or buying millions of hectares to grow food for their people. Research shows that many large land deals lack _________ for small farmers. Contracts may guarantee leases for up to ninety-nine years, leaving local people without land for generations. Better practices balance exports with local food ________ and give farmers ways to enforce promises by _________. They also make clear what kinds of jobs and how many jobs will be created. Smallholders can gain _________ if they form cooperatives or unions or have the support of __________ organizations. There are different business models for cooperation between investors and _______ farmers. Lorenzo Cotula is a senior researcher at the International Institute for Environment and Development in London. One popular _______, says Mr. Cotula, is contract farming: Contract farming has been around for a very long time and which essentially _________ a company providing credit, inputs like ________ and fertilizers and training and all that, and then buying produce from the farmers at a fixed price when harvest time comes.Companies usually _________ the cost of the inputs from the final purchase price. He says contract farming represents up to sixty percent of tea and sugar ________ in Kenya and one hundred percent of cotton farming in Mozambique. Contract farming may give farmers more ______ to markets for high-value crops. But Mr. Cotula found that contracts often go to wealthier farmers. Poorer farmers often work as _______ on the contracted farms. The price that companies pay to farmers may be low, and companies might not honor ________ agreements when market conditions change. Also, growers may go into debt when the company deducts payments for inputs from the _______purchase price. Another business model is a joint venture. Lorenzo Cotula says an equity stake, or share of ________, in a business can give communities a voice in decision-making. It can also provide income in the form of dividend _______. But a practice called transfer pricing can make those dividends disappear. Prices are inflated or deflated in deals with ________ linked to the partner in the joint-venture. This practice reduces profits for the joint-venture company and dividends for ________ partners. As a solution, contracts may require fair market prices for sales to partners. https://youtube/watch?v=2ckk5Ve_7uM
Posted on: Sat, 06 Dec 2014 02:47:40 +0000
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