Research Methodology (5669) Lecture II TYPES OF RESEARCH: Types of researches are based upon the following categories 1) By Purpose (Basic, Applied and Action) 2) By Method (Historical, Descriptive and Experimental) 3) By Nature (Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed) BY PURPOSE 1 2 3 Basic / Principal Research Applied Research Action Research It is based on the principals which are set out by the researcher to solve some problems to get outcome by applying certain theories and principles are in the mind and then solutions are obtained. No past theory is involved but some personal theories can be used and found valuable. Needs devoted researches / teachers. But it is done in limited resources. An individual research is needed towards AR. BY METHOD 1 2 3 Historical Descriptive Experimental (Basic) Data is collected from the history in any form (results, written or verbal). To solve the future or present problem. Same as Applied. We know the solution then problem is identified, the solution id descriptive. Historical and Descriptive overlap sometime Experiments are carried out o the basis of hypothesis. BY NATURE 1 2 3 Qualitative Quantitative Mixed Describes events, persons scientifically without numeral data. Study consisted of interviews, it is more open and responsive to its subject. By observation direct or indirect. Data concerned and analysed in term of numerals. Each subject matter be studied individually. Can be done by survey and experimental measures. Mixture of both researches. It can overlap sometime. Don’t be disturbed and confused. Deductive: General to particular whole part Inductive: Particular to General part whole Ethnography: Ethnic means Social Behaviour (Study of a specific community or small group of people Biased: Subjective, partial, in favour of something or someone Unbiased: Objective, Natural, Impartial Qualitative. Quantitative Method Inductive Deductive Behaviour Nature Controlled (social context) Objective Descriptive, Explanatory, discovery Descriptive, Explanatory, Predictive Focus Long Term Short Term / Form Observation Natural Controlled Reality Subjective Objective (Numerical Data) Form of data Open-ended Close-ended Nature Narrative Numerical Analysis Descriptive Statistical Results Non-generalized Generalized Report Narrative statistical Lecture: III VARIABLE: This term is used as synonym for construct or property being studies. It is a symbol of an event, feature or attribute that can be measured and to which we can assign categorical value. These are very important to deal in research and make research scientific. Hypothesis: 1. A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. An element which produce specific targeted area (behavior, person, environment, thing, methodology, teacher age male/female etc….) 2. A proposition made as a basis for reasoning, without any assumption of its truth. An idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved. (Advance Learner Dictionary) A hypothesis can be directional (Particular, Male / Female) or non directional (General thing, Students/ Teachers). Directional is best one but it always needs VARIABLES. Types of Variables: Dependent Independent Categorical Quantitative Manipulated Outcome (Dependent) Intervening (Mediator) Mediator Experimental (Independent) Extraneous 1) Independent Variable: It can work on its own and no need to have someone else (OPEN uni ki books but these are effective with teachers, guide and both are independent variable) this variable is manipulated by the researcher and the manipulation causes effect on the dependent variable. It is usually called Experimental variable. 2) Dependent Variable: Normally needs a person to explain. Our students needs teacher’s guide, syllabus ad past questions etc…… it can e called as outcome. 3) Categorical Variable: Discusses category and checks male/ female, tall/ short, primary/ high, lower/advance and poor or rich. 4) Quantitative Variable: If the students are taught 2 subjects daily and then 7 days and if 7 subjects are taught daily then which will be better? 5) Intervening / Mediator Variable: Independent Outcome Manipulated Dependent Experimental we need a variable (mediator) to heck many things Mediator to check the results of the student we MOTIVATE our students. 6) Extraneous Variable: It is an Independent Variable. If we use TWO independent variables the second 1 is called is called EXTRANEOUS Variable. INDEPENDENT Better results here Teacher Language Lab Dramatic Club Not a good result from the class where only but the same teacher. Result will not same due to single variable of Teacher, at 2 different places with same syllabus, teacher and age level When more than 2 variables are used to check and control other variables then it is called Extraneous Variable. TEACHER Independent Variable Extraneous Variable We sometime know Cause/ Effect relationship (u must know that v hv to find out of it) Example: Due to URDU (Independent) language, students FAIL in English (Dependent) language. 4 teachers (Independent) 2 + 2 2 male = Categorical 2 female = Categorical ENGLISH: Independent, Experimental / Manipulated, Categorical URDU: Dependent, Outcome, Categorical
Posted on: Wed, 18 Sep 2013 17:32:50 +0000
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