CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES 1. What are the general specifications for first class building? Foundation and plinth. superstructure. damp-proof course. lintels. roofing. plastering. doors and windows. distempering and colour wasting. painting. 2. What are monolithic wall? write its classifications? Monolithic walls:-Walls built of a material requiring some kind of shuttering in the initial stages. Masonry can be classified into the following types stone masonry. brick masonry. hollow block concrete masonry. reinforced masonry. composite masonry. 3. Define plinth. Plinth:- It is the horizontal course of stone or brick provided at the base of the wall above ground level. It indicates the height of the ground floor level above the natural ground level. It protects the building from dampness. 4. What are classifications of stone masonry There are two types ,they are rubber masonry. ashlar masonry. 5. What is rubber masonry and ashlar masonry? Rubber masonry:- Stones of irregular sizes are used. stones may be undressed or roughly dressed. using hammer having wider joints. Ashlar masonry:- This is a costlier, high grade and superior quality of masonry. The work built from accurately dressed stones with uniform and very fine joints of about 3mm. thickness is termed as ashlar masonry. 6. Compare English bond and Double Flemish bond. English bond double Flemish bond. More compact and stronger for walls having thickness more than 1(1/2) bricks. Not pleasing appearance of the facing. No strict supervision and skill required for its construction. More in cost than Double Flemish bond. Less compact and stronger. Better appearance in the facing. Good workmanship and careful supervision is required. Cheaper in cost-because number of bricks bats are used. 7. What are the defects in brick masonry. Defects in brick masonry:- Sulphate attack. Crystallization of salts from bricks. Corrosion of embedded iron or steel. Shrinkage on drying. 8. Mention the common sizes of building blocks. The common sizes of building blocks are 390x190x300 mm- standard size hollow block. 390x190x200 mm- hollow building tiles. 390x190x100 mm- hollow concrete blocks for partition. 9. What the types of flooring commonly used. mud flooring muram flooring cement concrete flooring mosaic flooring tiled flooring marble flooring 10. Define damp proof course., what are its causes of dampness. Definition :-The courses which are laid to check the entry of water or moisture into the building are called damp proof courses. Causes:- faulty design of structure faulty construction or poor workmanship use of poor quality materials in construction. 11. Define roofs. Roof:-A roof is defined as the uppermost part of the building which is constructed in the form of a frame work to give protection to the building against rain , heat wind etc.. 12. What are the uses of water proofing compounds. Uses:- When water proofing compounds is added to cement during construction it prevents leakage. It is available in powder form. It is mixed with cement by hand before cement is mixed with aggregate. 13. what are the condition for filters. Condition for filter:- It should remove harmful particles from air. It should be workable under different velocity. It should have very low frictional resistance. It should not cause contamination of incoming air. it should be easy to clean. 14. Define fire resistance Fire Resistance:- It is the time during which an element of structure fulfils its function in building safely in the event of fire of known intensity. Fire resistance is also defined as an index of fire safety of buildings. 15. Define acoustics Acoustics:-The term acoustics is defined as the science of sound, and it describes the origin ,propagation and sensation of sound. 16. What are the conditions for good acoustics of an auditorium:- Conditions for good acoustics of an auditorium:- The initial sound should be of adequate intensity or loudness. It is important for a speaker to be heard over a long distance. The sound produced should be evenly spread over the whole area covered by audience. If the sound is not evenly distributed echoes will be established. the initial sound should be clear and distinct. For music hall ,the initial sound should reach the audience with same frequency and intensity. All undesired sound should be reduced. 17. Define scaffolding:- Scaffolding:-It is defined as the temporary structure employed in the building construction for supporting workers, materials and tools etc., during its construction alteration, demolition, painting and repair etc., 18. Write the types of scaffolding. Types of scaffolding:- Single scaffolding or Brick layer scaffolding. Double scaffolding or Masons scaffolding. Ladder scaffolding. Cantilever or Needle scaffolding. 19. Write any some materials used for joints. bituminous felt Metal strips Fibre board these are some of the materials used for joints. 20. Define flooring Flooring:- The properly supported horizontal surfaces which divide the building into different levels for providing accommodation one above the other within space are called floors. UNIT-II SUB STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION 1) What is a cofferdam? When it used ? Cofferdam is a temporary structure constructed to exclude water from the site to construct a permanent sub-structure, without the interface of water. It is used when the well foundation is to be carried in running water. 2) What is a caisson? What are the types of caisson? It is a special type of foundation used for the construction of bridge piers in v prevent ery deep water, where it is either difficult to construct a cofferdam or to prevent its leakage. Types: a) Box caisson b) Open caisson c) Pneumatic caisson 3) What are the components of well foundation? The components of the well foundations are, a) Well curb b) Cutting edge d) Steining 4) What are the operations involved in open caisson method of foundation? The open caisson method of foundation consists of the following operations: a) constructing or fabricating the caisson and preparing site to receive it. b) placing the caisson over the site of the pier. c) excavating the soil from the interior of the caisson and advancing the d) caisson so that its cutting edge is at or below the bottom of the excavation and continuing this process until the foundation in the hard stratum is reached. d) sealing the bottom of the caisson to exclude water and soil. 5) What are the uses of sheet piles? The uses of sheet piles are, a) For preventing leakage of pile material and water. b) For preventing the structure from shocks ,vibrations, etc,. c) For deep excavations to enclose soils to prevent lateral crust or pressure. 6) What is a shoring? Shoring is a temporary structure used to support tilted or endangered walls .The walls might have been endangered due to unequal settlement of foundation, removal of adjoining structures or making large opening in the walls. 7) What is meant by pipe jacking? Pipe jacking is a method of installing a pipe under roadway , railway or highways without using an open cut trench .The pipe jacking procedure uses a casing pipe of sheet or reinforced concrete ie, jacked through the soil. 8) What is dewatering? Where it is used? Dewatering means removal of excess water from the saturated soil. It is used where the water table is very high or in the case of deep excavations the foundation trenches for buildings and other structures, are filled with seeped water. 9) What is a under-ream pile? It is a pile with one or more bulbs in its vertical shaft .These bulbs are known as under-reams and it increases the bearing capacity of the soil. 10) Write about spacing of piles? For piles to be driven on hard stratum the minimum center to center spacing is 2.5 times the pile diameter. In case of friction piles minimum spacing of 3 times the diameter of the pile shaft is provided. In case of loose soil filled up area or sand the minimum center to center spacing is twice the pile diameter. 11) Explain about suspended scaffolding. During repair cleaning and painting various types of working platforms are required at various levels which can be easily provided and removed. Such types of platforms can be suspended by ropes or chains from parapet wall of buildings or cantilever beams placed at the top of the structure. This types of working are called suspended scaffolding. 12) Write about centering and shuttering? Centering is a temporary structure used for the construction of arches , whereas shuttering is a temporary structure used for the construction of R.B. or R.C.C. structures such as beam ,slab ,balcony ,porch ,etc ,. Centering are wooden shaped frames and shuttering are known as mould. 13) What is a Kent ledge? In well sinking ,to overcome the increased skin friction and the in weight of the well due to buoyancy, additional loading is applied on the well . It is called Kent ledge. 14) What are the methods used for tunnel driving? Following are the methods generally used for driving a tunnel, a) Full face heading b) Heading and bench method c) Drifts method d) Pilot tunneling 15) What is mucking? The operation of removal of excavated material in tunneling operation is called mucking. 16) hat are the advantages of drift method? Drift method of tunnel excavation has the following advantages: a) It helps to determine the region of bad rock or excessive ground water before actually taking up the full excavation, so as to enable to take up the corrective measures. b) The drift provides ventilation while driving the main tunnel. c) It reduces the consumption of explosives. 17) Explain about cement grouting .Uses . In this method, cement grout which is a mixture of cement , sand and water is used. The process consists of making a number of holes in ground and then filling these holes by cement grout under pressure. This process is continued till no grout is coming up through the hole. Uses: a) The grouting procedure can be used in stopping leakages from rock. b) It can also be used to fill the voids in soil so as to strengthen the soil and to make the rock or soil water tight. 18) Write the situations under which pile foundation is recommended. The pile foundation is recommended for the following situations: a) When spread footing ,raft and grillage foundations are uneconomical. b) When heavy concentrated loads are to be transmitted by the foundations. c) Where there is scouring in the soil near the foundations. c) Where the soil is made up and of a compressible nature. 19) Write the essential features of a pump to be used for dewatering. The pump to be used for dewatering process should have the following features: a)The pump should be portable so that it can be easily moved as and when required. b)The pump should be capable of handling water mixed with impurities such as sand, earth, etc,. c)The pump should be of strong make. d)The performance of pump should be reliable. 20) What is the equipment used for driving a pre-cast pile in a sandy soil? The equipment used for driving a pre-cast pile in a sandy soil is a hammer. Hence maximum stresses are developed at the top due to direct strokes and at the point in overcoming the resistance to penetration. Therefore additional reinforcement is provided. UNIT-III SUPER STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION 1. What are launching girders? For erection of large beams in buildings or bridges, temporary girders are used. Such girders are called launching girders. Launching girders are usually of steel as it would be light compared to concrete girders. 2. What are bridge decks? In bridges, the structure supporting the carriageway is called decks. The bride deck transfers the load to the piers or abutments. The bride decks can be classified as slabs, T-beam and slab, or composite decks. In composite decks, beams are pre-stressed or of steel and the slabs would be concrete cast in situ. 3. What are offshore platforms? Offshore platforms are structures constructed in the ocean to explore or to produce oil and gas from the sources found below the sea. Offshore platforms are in steel or in concrete. 4. What are Jacket platforms? The steel offshore platforms are called Jacket platforms. They are vertical towers constructed with steel tubular members supporting the deck, where the machinery for drilling or processing oil or gas is located. They are connected to the ocean floor by means of piles. 5. What are gravity towers? In concrete construction, the offshore platforms are called Gravity towers which consist of concrete circular shafts supporting the processing platforms. The offshore platforms are subjected to loads from ocean waves. 6. What is a bow-string bridge? In this type of bridge, the horizontal thrust is resisted by the horizontal ties. The supports take up only the vertical reaction. They, therefore require thinner sections. Bow-string girdes of R.C.C are commonly adopted for arch bridges having span of 30m to 45m. At various points along the length of a tie beam, vertical posts or suspenders connecting the tie beam to the arched rib are provided. The flooring is resting on the tie beam and transfers its load to the arch through the suspenders. Thwe flooring may be of simple slab or beam and slab construction. 7. What are cable-stayed bridges? These bridges provide a larger width for purposes of navigation by eliminating intermediate piers. They consist of cables provided above the deck and are connected to the towers. The deck in case of cable stayed bridges is either supported by a number of cables meeting in a bunch at the tower (fan form) or by joining at different levels on the tower (harp form). 8. What are chimneys? Chimneys are structures used to escape the gases to such a height that the gases donot contaminate the surrounding atmosphere. The cross sectional area of the chimneyis kept large enough to allow the passage of burnt gases. 9. State the dimension of flue hole opening in chimney. 40 x 40 cm 10. What are the various loads acting on a chimney? 1. Self weight of masonry chimney 2. Weight of lining 3. Wind pressure 4. Seismic forces 11. How is lining made in chimney? The mareial used for lining should be capable of withstanding high temperature upto 2000 F. The fire bicks are used for lining in brick masonry chimneys. The fire brick lining must be free to expand and contract independently of the main chimney. Yhe height of lining depends on the purpose of chimney. 12. What are the various types of chimneys? R.C.C chimney Brick chimney Self supporting stacks Guyed steel stack 13. What are the forms used in the construction of chimney? Jump forms, Slip forms 14. What are cooling towers? Cooling Towers are used to cool the water that is used to recondense the steam that is used to generate electricity. 15. What are the methods of prestressing? 1. Pre tensioned Metod 2. Post tensioned Method 16. What are the systems of prestressing? 1. Freyssinet System 2. Magnel-blaton System 3. Lee-Mc. Call or stress steel system 17. What are the advantages of prestressed cement concrete? 1. It is possible to take the full advantage of compressive strength of concrete and high tensile strength of the steel used. 2. 15 to 30% of the concrete is saved. 3. 60 to 80% of the steel is saved. 4. Presressed concrete members are thinner in section and hence there is greater reduction of the self weight of the member. 18. How are domes erected? Domes are usually erected with a central temporary support on which the supporting ring rests. If the span is greater than 40 – 50m, the tower of an erecting frame serves a sthe support. 19. What are shells? Shalls are three dimensional structures constructed as storage tanks or roof for large column free areas, such as exhibition halls, sports complex or theatres. 20. How are shells classified ? 1. Singly curved shells like cylindrical shells 2. Doubly curved or spherical shells UNIT-IV REPAIR AND REHABILITATION 1. What are the causes of stresses in a building component? Stress in a building component can be caused by external forces such as dead, live, wind or seismic loads or foundation settlement or can be induced internally due to thermal movement, moisture changes, chemical action etc. 2. What is an Active and Dormant crack? Active: A crack is said to be active if it is still in progress, that is, the crack is still developing. This may be ascertained by filling the crack with mortar and observing. If the crack reappears, it is considered live, that is, it will further. Dormant: A dormant crack is the one which once formed remains static and doesn’t get altered due to passage of time. 3. What are the classifications of crack based on width? Fine : Width less than 0.1 mm Thin : Width 0.1 to 0.3 mm Medium : Width 0.3 to 0.7 mm Wide : Width 0.7 to 2.0 mm Very Wide: Width greater than 2 mm 4. What are the basic symptoms of distress in concrete? The three basic symptoms of distress in concrete are: Cracking Spalling Disintegration 5. What are the Defects in Masonry Structures? The Defects in Masonry Structures are: i. Dampness ii. Condensation iii. Efflorescence iv. Structural and Surface cracks v. Stains 6. What are the Defects in Masonry Structures? i. Rusting ii.Excessive deflections iii. Buckling and bending iv. Twisting v. Lateral Bending vi . Pitting vii Defects in welds such as shearing, bearing failure and tearing failure. 7. What are the types of Distress in structures? The following are the types of Distress in Structures: i. Local settlement of sub-grade ii. Movement of form work iii. Vibrations iv. Internal settlement of concrete shrinkage v. Setting shrinkage 8. What are the causes of Dampness? Dampness are attributed to the following i. Leakage from defective roofing system ii. Porous bricks iii. Vegetation Growth iv. Earth backi9ng against masonry construction 9. What is Condensation? The saturated air enters the building and coming in contact with cooler surfaces of windows glass panes, iron works, painted or varnished surfaces, losses temperature and is deposited on the impervious surfaces. This phenomenon is termed as condensation. Condensation causes dampness and affects brick wall. 10. What is Efflorescence? Efflorescence is purely the result of natural laws and is the direct outcome of the situation of the brick work which causes large irregular shaped patches of whitish mould formed on the surface of the and thus disfigure its appearance, which usually contains various soluble salts. 11. What is meant by maintenance of Structure? Maintenance is a continuous cycle which involves e3very element of building science, namely, i. Structural ii. Electrical wiring iii. Plumbing- Water supply –Sanitation iv. Finishing on floors and walls v. Roof terrace vi. Service perform/verandah vii. Lifts viii. Doors windows and other elements 12. What are the Corrosion Prevention methods for Reinforcing Bars? Corrosion Prevention methods for Reinforcing Bars are, a) Cathodic Protection b) Application of a carbonation resistant polymer film on the surface of the concrete c) Application of the galvanizing coat on steel d) Application of poly coating like epoxy, polyurethane fusion bonded epoxy etc. on steel e) Application of specially formulated alkaline polymer emulsion 13. What are the preventive measures to be taken in the construction of new water tank? i.The mix of concrete ii.Blended cement iii.Aggregates iv.Sand v.Water vi.Curing vii.Cover ixSurface coatings x.Coating on Reinforcement 14. List any four factors which influence corrosion in a structure/ i. pH value ii. Moisture iii. Oxygen iv.Carbonation of Concrete 15. List out the various Damages that occur due to Corrosion. 1.Formation of white patches 2.Brown patches along reinforcement 3.Occurrence of cracks 4.Formation of multiple cracks 5.Spalling of cover concrete 6.Snapping of bars 7.Buckling of bars and bulging of concrete 16. What are the various non- destructive tests on Concrete? 1)Rebound hammer test 2)Ultrasonic pulse- velocity test 3)Potential measurement 17. What is the purpose of conducting Rebound hammer test? Rebound hammer test is conducted to evaluate the compressive strength of the affected portion and the same could be correlated with the desired strength of the element of structure. 18. Name the three electrodes used for potential measurement. i.Saturated calomel electrode ii.Silver/Silver Chloride electrodes iii.Copper/Copper Sulphate electrodes. 19. What is meant by Epoxy Grouting? Epoxy grouting is a technique which has been used in recent past with a high degree of success especially in treating deep routed and subcutaneous cracks. 20. What is Polymer Concreting? Polymer Concreting is a method in which polymer such as modified latex, neoprene, polyvinyl acetate, styrenebutadience, and acrylic polymers are used as polymer additives in conjunction with cement concrete. This results in very high impermeability and high acid resistance thereby making polymer concrete as a very suitable material fore use as original concrete to counteract corrosive forces. This can also be used as a repair material to replace the affected concrete. UNIT-V CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT 1. What are the advantages of using trenchers? The advantages of using trenchers are It is a faster and cheaper method of trenching It digs only as much as is necessary It is a continuous process and is not like that of back hoe excavator 2. Define dredging. Dredging is the process of excavating from river bed, lake or sea for the purpose of deepening them. It is an important operation in navigation canals, harbours, dams etc. Dredgers are of three types namely 3. Mention the various operations involved in grading? The various operations involved in grading are grading spreading finishing and leveling Ditch digging cutting bank cutting earthen road maintenance earthen road construction and repairing gravel road 4. What are the factors affecting the selection of drilling equipment? The factors affecting the selection of drilling equipment are the nature of terrain required depth of holes rock hardness the size of the project and the purpose for which holes are required. 5. Define hardness. Which is the hardest known substance? Hardness is defined as the resistance of a smooth plane surface to abrasion. It is the hardest known substance with hardness 10. 6. Define texture. What are its classification. Texture is defined as the grain size of the rock. It is classified into 5 categories such as porous rock Loose grained rock Granitoid rock Fine grained rock and Dense rock 7. What are the types of drilling equipment? The types of drilling equipment are Percussion drills and Rotary drills Rotary drills are further classified as Pressure drilling and Abrasion drilling 8. Define blasting? Blasting is the process of discharging of an explosive to loosen the rock. 9. What are the parameters to be examined while blasting for quarrying? While blasting for quarrying or excavation, the following parameters are to be examined. Spacing of the drill holes Diameter of the drill holes Depth of the drill holes Burden of the rock at the toe Burden of the rock at the crest Degree of fragmentation desired and Strength of the explosives to be used 10. What are the types of dredgers? Dipper dredger, Ladder dredger and Suction dredger 11. Mention the sequence of operations involved in driving the tunnel through rock? The sequence of operations involved in driving the tunnel through rocks are Setting up and drilling Loading the holes with explosives and firing Ventilating and removing the dust resulted by explosion Loading and hauling the muck Removing ground water from the tunnel Erection of supports for the roof and sides Placing reinforcement Placing the concrete lining Curing and shuttering removal 12. What are the objectives of ventilation system in a tunnel? The main objects of ventilation system in a tunnel are to provide fresh air for workers to remove poisonous gases and fumes produced by explosion to remove the dust caused by drilling, blasting mucking and other operations performed in the tunnel. 13. Define mucking? Mucking is the operation of loading the broken rock or earth for removal from a tunnel. Mucking is done by hand in small tunnels, drifts and pilot tunnels. 14. What is a tractor? Mention its types? Tractor is an earthmoving equipment which converts engine energy into tractive energy. The two types of tractors are crawler or tract type and wheel or pneumatic type 15. Define compaction? Compaction is defined as the process of densifying or increasing the unit weight of a soil mass through the application of static or dynamic force, with the resulting expulsion of air. 16. Define surface load? Surface load is defined as the ration of total applied load and the total contact area of the minimum number of feet which come simultaneously in contact with even ground without penetration. axle load kg (ie) Surface load = Contact area of feet cm2 17. What are the factors influencing compaction? The factors which influence compaction are static weight number of vibratory drums roller speed drum diameter frequency and amplitude relationship between frame and drum weight driven or non driven drum centrifugal force and total applied force 18. Name the equipments used for volume batching? The equipments used for volume batching are aggregate feeders cement silo water measuring device and mixing unit 19. What are the various types of conveyors? The various types of conveyors are belt conveyor roller conveyor chain or cable conveyor pipe line conveyor screw conveyor and elevating conveyor 20. What are the advantages of using belt conveyors? The advantages of using belt conveyors are It is capable of handling light or heavy, fine or coarse, wet or dry material. It can handle, thousands of tons of material per hour for several kilometers. It can handle not materials up to 1600c. It operates without noise.
Posted on: Sun, 30 Mar 2014 16:39:40 +0000
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