Characteristics demand theory Characteristics demand theory states that consumers derive utility not from the actual contents of the basket but from the characteristics of the goods in it. This theory was developed by Kelvin Lancaster in 1966 in his working paper “A New Approach to Consumer Theory”. This approach allows us to predict how preferences will change when we change the options or baskets presented to consumers by studying how these vary according to the change in the characteristics that make them up. With conventional theory, the introduction of a new option meant that we could not reliably predict how this would slot into the consumer’s preference map. However, by relying on a study of the characteristics rather than the goods or service involved, we can predict how changes will affect a consumer’s behaviour without needing to start once again empirically. This allows us to calculate ‘shadow prices’ for different attributes without having a price for the good itself by associating utility to the characteristics that make up the good rather than the good itself. With these ‘shadow prices’, we can solve utility maximisation problems for baskets or options for which we do not have empirical evidence, as Lancaster demand also lends itself to building utility functions (based on the amount of each type of characteristic rather than the amount of each type of good in a particular basket). Characteristics demand Characteristic demand theory also helps justify the existence of brands. If people simply wanted to buy a good, for example, a suit, there would be no need for haute couture. Luxury brands are able to charge a surprice for their products by differentiating themselves from competitors that sell similar goods. In the first diagram, if we suppose that both brands have the same characteristics and are perfect competitors, then we will choose the basket that maximises our total consumption. This means will tend to opt for the cheaper brand, which allows us to reach the highest utility curve (brand one for point B and brand 2 for point A). Point C represents a higher utility curve achieved by a drop in the price of brand 1. Any other choice will imply showing brand loyalty. In the second diagram, if we look at Lancaster demand, our utility functions will be based on the characteristics that each basket contains rather than on the amount of each type of good. Here, it is no longer ‘all or nothing’- we can allow for convex demand curves that represent our preference for variety in consumption: point C (we want some ‘special’ dresses, for example, a wedding dress, and some that everyday ones. Most people would not be happy getting married in work clothes, or going to work in a wedding dress). This time, if the price of one brand drops, we will change our outcome: we can opt for point D.
Posted on: Wed, 03 Dec 2014 03:19:06 +0000
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