Electroshock death in science 3 Chockerande höga dödssiffror efter upprepad starkströmsledning genom hjärnan. Elchocker orsakar att upp till 1 av 30 medborgare avlider som genomgår en serie med elchocker. Upp till 1 av 9 medborgare avlider efter att blivit använd för intensiv elchockning vilket är elchockning som sker mycket ofta. Upp till 1 av 4 medborgare över 80 år avlider efter att blivit använd för elchockning. Physicians usually regard memory impairment, particularly when pronounced, as a sign of brain damage (see in the text Sterling’s entry in 2001, and the cross-references following his citation for more information about ECT-caused brain damage). Memory loss may be accompanied by apathy, emotional dullness (blunted emotion, flat affect), cardiovascular problems, spontaneous seizures, amenorrhea, demoralization, dependency, and hopelessness; reduced ability to think, problem-solve, concentrate, and connect with others; loss of personality; and loss of creativity, energy, enthusiasm, moral awareness, and other elements that contribute to the individual’s sense of well-being and worth. The patient’s age and physical condition, together with the intensity, duration, number, and spacing of the individual convulsive procedures, determine the severity and persistence of these effects. Electroshock can also be fatal. Estimates of ECT-related death rates vary widely. The lower estimates include: • 1 in 10,000 (see in the text Boodman’s first entry in 1996) • 1 in 1,000 (Impastato’s first entry in 1957) • 1 in 200, among the elderly, over 60 (Impastato’s in 1957) Higher estimates include: • 1 in 102 (see in the text Martin’s entry in 1949) • 1 in 95 (Boodman’s first entry in 1996) • 1 in 92 (Freeman and Kendell’s entry in 1976) • 1 in 89 (Sagebiel’s in 1961) • 1 in 69 (Gralnick’s in 1946) • 1 in 63, among a group undergoing intensive ECT (Perry’s in 1963-1979) • 1 in 38 (Ehrenberg’s in 1955) • 1 in 30 (Kurland’s in 1959) • 1 in 9, among a group undergoing intensive ECT (Weil’s in 1949) • 1 in 4, among the very elderly, over 80 (Kroessler and Fogel’s in 1974-1986) The reasons for the difficulty in estimating ECT-related deaths include the following: • There is no central tracking of ECT-related deaths. • Some psychiatrists and hospitals underreport the number of ECT-related deaths. • Some psychiatrists and pathologists do not recognize deaths occurring during or soon after ECT as ECT-related. • Families often refuse to authorize autopsies of relatives who have died during or soon after ECT. • Professional journals are disinclined to publish reports or studies of ECT-related deaths. Not since 1957 has any journal published a large-scale study of ECT-related deaths (see in the text Impastato’s first entry in 1957). • It is difficult to determine with certainty, or near certainty, that ECT was the cause of a patient’s death because multiple causes are often involved. • Deciding whether or not a patient’s death is ECT-related is difficult to establish because there is no accepted time interval between a death and the last electroshock he or she received. For example, is it an ECT-related death only if the patient dies within a few minutes of undergoing ECT or may the interval be a specific number of hours, days, or weeks up to a year? endofshock/101i%20brochure%20on%20deaths%203-29.pdf endofshock
Posted on: Mon, 27 Oct 2014 06:20:47 +0000
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