Good news the Check cleared. Found my thesis if you have any ideas on things of grammar or conclusion help let me know. I was about 4 pages and a defense away from graduation. Who does that? Someone who is scared to change and does not believe in themselves. CAN THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLES BE TRAINED IN A NON-RESPIRATORY FASHION? BY ROBERT A. MURLINE A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science In Zoology Northern Arizona University June 2006 Approved: ____________________ Stan L. Lindstedt, Ph.D., Chair ____________________ Steve C. Hemplemen, Ph.D. ____________________ Richard Posner, Ph.D. ____________________ J. Richard Coast, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This study tested whether the respiratory muscles could be trained in a non-respiratory fashion using eccentric lengthening contractions, via an upper body eccentric arm-crank (UBEAC). Nineteen subjects (average age of 20.4 ± 1.3) completed an eight week upper body arm crank program. The experimental group (EG) (n =12) performed eccentric arm cranking contraction of the upper trunk, while the control group (CG) (n=7) performed concentric arm cranking contractions. Upper body strength was analyzed within each group by an all out 15 second upper body Wingate strength test. Respiratory strength was assessed by: 1) Maximum inspiratory pressure test (Pimax); 2) Maximum inspiratory velocity test (Vimax), and; 3) and Maximum inspiratory power test (MiPF). The CG showed no increase in upper body Wingate strength following training, while the EG significantly improved performance during post testing. After eight weeks of concentric arm cranking none of the inspiratory tests (Pimax, Vimax, MiPF) for the CG resulted in significant change. All respiratory strength testing increased significantly during post testing for the EG. The upper trunk muscle can be strengthened by eccentric lengthening contractions. More importantly, the respiratory muscles of inspiration can be strengthened in a non-respiratory fashion using UBEAC training. Therefore, UBEAC training may be a suitable alternative for training those individuals suffering from the disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Introduction The “respiratory muscles” work mechanically by increasing the thoracic volume resulting in negative intrapleural pressure (relative to atmospheric), providing a pressure gradient for filling the lungs. This is achieved in normal tidal breathing by activation of the diaphragm and external intercostals. During hyperpnea, additional “accessory muscles” are activated to assist in ventilation. For example, the scalene muscles function to immobilize the first pair of ribs (1-2), while the external intercostals muscles lift the remaining ribs up and out. The sternocleidomastiod muscles function to elevate the sternum and ribs during inspiration. Other muscles such as the trapezius, serratus anterior, and pectorialis also can be recruited to increase negative thoracic pressure thus facilitating an increase in lung volume and maximal ventilation (Katagiri et al., 2003; Cerqueira et al., 2003; Garbellini et al., 1999; Charlton et. al, 1988; Clivel et al., 1988). In addition to their role in ventilation, these “respiratory muscles” are used for multiple locomotion and posture trunk tasks, including; 1) Scalene: rotates the cervical spine;2) Trapezius: immobilizes the scapula; e.g., during pushing movements of the arms; 3) Serratus Anterior: abducts and rotates the scapula; 4) Pectroialis Minor: protracts and depresses the scapula; 5) Sternocleidomastoid: rotates the head; 6) Pectoralis Major: shoulder adductor and ; 7) Abdominals: are used in bending of the waist and assist in stabilizes the torso (Buford et al., 2002; Myers et al., 2005; Bexander et al., 2005). Thus, virtually all of the recognized respiratory muscles are used in both respiratory and non-respiratory tasks. In fact, Carrier and colleagues (1996) have shown that typically among the vertebrates, many of the respiratory muscles (i.e., the diaphragm and external intercostals) may be involved in locomotion and may be traded off between respiratory and non-respiratory functions. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been used to examine how the respiratory muscles adapt to specific inspiratory tasks, to determine which accessory muscles are recruited, and to test for benefits to vocalists during singing performances. Typically, IMT involves performing maximal static inspiratory maneuvers though partially occluded resistors. When using an inspiratory resistor, subjects are forced to recruit greater respiratory muscle mass, much like weight lifting for locomotor muscles. Tzelepis and colleagues (1994) reported that IMT at high pressure with low velocity will increase maximum inspiratory pressure (Pimax) significantly more than maximum inspiratory flow (Vimax), and training at high flow and low pressure will result in the complementary response. Respiratory muscle training has been used with singers and its effect on duration of sound and pitch, while other researchers have examined the recruitment of accessory respiratory muscles and EMG activity when subjects performed respiratory maneuvers against occlusion of airway. Yokoba et al., 2003 demonstrated that during varying levels of respiratory effort there is a difference between mouth pressure and EMG activity of the accessory muscles, and each individual accessory respiratory muscle is recruited differently at different pressure demands. Pulmonary muscle training is effective in improving vocal function in singers. One group of investigators examined pulmonary muscle function, including Pimax, maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), and maximum phonic time (MPT), in five female voice collegians following two months of respiratory muscle training. The results showed that none of the pulmonary function test changed after the training, although Pimax, MEP, and MPT showed significant improvement following the two month training protocol (Nao. et. al., 2004). With IMT, singers will increase Pimax and Vimax, which benefits longer sustained vocal performances resulting in increases in duration of pitch. Respiratory muscle strength and endurance performance of athletes can be increased with exercise training designed to train the respiratory muscles (Leith and Bradley 1976: Clanton et al. 1985). Specifically, some investigations have proposed that IMT may reduce respiratory muscle fatigue and increase recovery time in athletes and normal individuals (Romer et al. 2002; Enright et al. 2006; Boutellier et al. 1992), while others suggest that IMT has no affect on aerobic capacity in endurance trained-athletes (Williams et al. 2003; Inbar et al. 2000; Nava et al. 2002). Many researchers have contested as to whether pulmonary muscle function is changed due to endurance training in athletes (Eastwood et al., 2001). Two separate IMT studies tested the impact of IMT and its effects on endurance performance in time trial distances in elite cyclists. The underlying hypothesis of both these studies was that, by strengthening the respiratory muscles involved in inspiration, endurance athletes could reduce inspiratory muscle fatigue, which in turn could improve time trial performance in cyclists. Following six weeks of IMT, eight elite competitive cyclists had significant improvements in both the 20 km and 40 km time trials (by 3.8±1.7 % and 4.6±1.9 % respectively, P < 0.05) (Lee et al. Romer., 2001). In the second study, Sonetti (1994) conducted a study where nine competitive cyclists trained for five weeks using IMT and showed statistically significant improvement in an 8 km time trial test by (1.8±1.2% or 15±10 sec; P
Posted on: Mon, 02 Sep 2013 16:03:17 +0000