King Richard II A Mixed Race Black King Richard II (6 January 1367– February 1400), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed on 30 September 1399. Richard, a son of Edward, the Black Prince, was born during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III. Richard was the younger brother of Edward of Angoulême; upon the death of this elder brother, Richard—at four years of age—became second in line to the throne after his father. Upon the death of Richards father prior to the death of Edward III, Richard, by agnatic succession, became the first in line for the throne. With Edward IIIs death the following year, Richard succeeded to the throne at the age of ten. During Richards first years as king, government was in the hands of a series of councils. Most of the aristocracy preferred this to a regency led by the kings uncle, John of Gaunt, yet Gaunt remained highly influential. The first major challenge of the reign was the Peasants Revolt in 1381. The young king played a major part in the successful suppression of this crisis. In the following years, however, the kings dependence on a small number of courtiers caused discontent among the influential, and in 1387 control of government was taken over by a group of aristocrats known as the Lords Appellant. By 1389 Richard had regained control, and for the next eight years governed in relative harmony with his former opponents. In 1397, Richard took his revenge on the appellants, many of whom were executed or exiled. The next two years have been described by historians as Richards tyranny. In 1399, after John of Gaunt died, the king disinherited Gaunts son, Henry of Bolingbroke, who had previously been exiled. Henry invaded England in June 1399 with a small force that quickly grew in numbers. Claiming initially that his goal was only to reclaim his patrimony, it soon became clear that he intended to claim the throne for himself. Meeting little resistance, Bolingbroke deposed Richard and had himself crowned as King Henry IV. Richard died in captivity in February 1400; he is thought to have been starved to death, though questions remain regarding his final fate. Richard was said to have been tall, good-looking and intelligent. Though probably not insane, as earlier historians used to believe, he may have suffered from what modern psychologists would call a personality disorder towards the end of his reign. Less warlike than either his father or grandfather, he sought to bring an end to the Hundred Years War that Edward III had started. He was a firm believer in the royal prerogative, something which led him to restrain the power of the aristocracy, and to rely on a private retinue for military protection instead; in contrast to the fraternal, martial court of his grandfather, he cultivated a refined atmosphere at his court, in which the king was an elevated figure, with art and culture at the centre. Richards posthumous reputation has to a large extent been shaped by Shakespeare, whose play Richard II portrayed Richards misrule and his deposition by Bolingbroke as responsible for the fifteenth-century Wars of the Roses. Present day historians do not accept this interpretation, while not exonerating Richard from responsibility for his own deposition. Most authorities agree that, even though his policies were not unprecedented or entirely unrealistic, the way in which he carried them out was unacceptable to the political establishment, and this led to his downfall. Image Sources: Sculpted Head, King Richard II: Trinity Episcopal Church (Now Spirit of Hope Church)--Detroit MI Reflecting the Anglican roots of Trinity Episcopal Church, one of the busts on the Trumbull Avenue porch is of Richard the Second of England, immortalized by Shakespeare. The sculptor of this head was Edward Wagner, also noted for his architectural sculpture at the Wayne County Building in downtown Detroit. https://flickr/photos/71288712@N00/368745473/in/photostream/
Posted on: Sun, 09 Nov 2014 18:33:32 +0000
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