Mit Vorstellungsvermögen gegen Stress Unser Gehirn reagiert auf Wortbeschreibungen so als ob es selber erlebt hätte weshalb man dieses Phänomen für therapeutische Zwecke brauchen kann.Das ist der Grund wieso Musik wie Wiegenlieder,Gregorianik oder das Lachen in fitterbrain den Effekt der Entspannung hervoruft.Die Fähigkeit des Gehirns sich in diese Situation der Ruhe und der Stressfreiheit zu versetzen wird hier dadurch hervorgerufen. Ihr fitterbrain/Prof.Schiftan fitterbrain.org Brain regions that encode words, grammar, story identified Date: November 26, 2014 Source: Carnegie Mellon University Map of the patterns of representation compared with the regions involved in sentence processing: our method recovers similar regions and differentiates them according to which information process they represent. Credit: Leila Wehbe et al; PLoS ONE, 2014; DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112575 Some people say that reading Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone taught them the importance of friends, or that easy decisions are seldom right. Carnegie Mellon University scientists used a chapter of that book to learn a different lesson: identifying what different regions of the brain are doing when people read. Researchers from CMUs Machine Learning Department performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans of eight people as they read a chapter of that Potter book. They then analyzed the scans, cubic millimeter by cubic millimeter, for every four-word segment of that chapter. The result was the first integrated computational model of reading, identifying which parts of the brain are responsible for such subprocesses as parsing sentences, determining the meaning of words and understanding relationships between characters. As Leila Wehbe, a Ph.D. student in the Machine Learning Department, and Tom Mitchell, the department head, recently reported in the online journal PLOS ONE, the model was able to predict fMRI activity for novel text passages with sufficient accuracy to tell which of two different passages a person was reading with 74 percent accuracy. At first, we were skeptical of whether this would work at all, Mitchell said, noting that analyzing multiple subprocesses of the brain at the same time is unprecedented in cognitive neuroscience. But it turned out amazingly well and now we have these wonderful brain maps that describe where in the brain youre thinking about a wide variety of things. Wehbe and Mitchell said the model is still inexact, but might someday be useful in studying and diagnosing reading disorders, such as dyslexia, or to track the recovery of patients whose speech was impacted by a stroke. It also might be used by educators to identify what might be giving a student trouble when learning a foreign language. If Im having trouble learning a new language, I may have a hard time figuring out exactly what I dont get, Mitchell said. When I cant understand a sentence, I cant articulate what it is I dont understand. But a brain scan might show that the region of my brain responsible for grammar isnt activating properly, or perhaps instead Im not understanding the individual words. Researchers at Carnegie Mellon and elsewhere have used fMRI scans to identify activation patterns associated with particular words or phrases or even emotions. But these have always been tightly controlled experiments, with only one variable analyzed at a time. The experiments were unnatural, usually involving only single words or phrases, but the slow pace of fMRI -- one scan every two seconds -- made other approaches seem unfeasible. Wehbe nevertheless was convinced that multiple cognitive subprocesses could be studied simultaneously while people read a compelling story in a near-normal manner. She believed that using a real text passage as an experimental stimulus would provide a rich sample of the different word properties, which could help to reveal which brain regions are associated with these different properties. No one falls asleep in the scanner during Leilas experiments, Mitchell said. They devised a technique in which people see one word of a passage every half second -- or four words for every two-second fMRI scan. For each word, they identified 195 detailed features -- everything from the number of letters in the word to its part of speech. They then used a machine learning algorithm to analyze the activation of each cubic centimeter of the brain for each four-word segment. Bit by bit, the algorithm was able to associate certain features with certain regions of the brain, Wehbe said. The test subjects read Chapter 9 of Sorcerers Stone, which is about Harrys first flying lesson, she noted. It turns out that movement of the characters -- such as when they are flying their brooms -- is associated with activation in the same brain region that we use to perceive other peoples motion. Similarly, the characters in the story are associated with activation in the same brain region we use to process other peoples intentions. Exactly how the brain creates these neural encodings is still a mystery, they said, but it is the beginning of understanding what the brain is doing when a person reads. Its sort of like a DNA fingerprint -- you may not understand all aspects of DNAs function, but it guides you in understanding cell function or development, Mitchell said. This model of reading initially is that kind of a fingerprint. A complementary study by Wehbe and Mitchell, presented earlier this fall at the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to record brain activity in subjects reading Harry Potter. MEG can record activity every millisecond, rather than every two seconds as in fMRI scanning, but cant localize activity with the precision of fMRI. Those findings suggest how words are integrated into memory -- how the brain first visually perceives a word and then begins accessing the properties of the word, and fitting it into the story context. Story Source: The above story is based on materials provided by Carnegie Mellon University. The original article was written by Byron Spice. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. Journal Reference: 1. Leila Wehbe, Brian Murphy, Partha Talukdar, Alona Fyshe, Aaditya Ramdas, Tom Mitchell. Simultaneously Uncovering the Patterns of Brain Regions Involved in Different Story Reading Subprocesses. PLoS ONE, 2014; 9 (11): e112575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112575 ________________________________________ Cite This Page: • MLA • APA • Chicago Carnegie Mellon University. Brain regions that encode words, grammar, story identified. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 26 November 2014. . Save/Print: Share: ________________________________________
Posted on: Sun, 30 Nov 2014 14:31:00 +0000
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