Sunrise 12 Grammar & Functions UNIT 6 Reduced clauses ڕستەی کورتکراوە Page 40: A- Definition پێناسەکردن NOTE: which/who=that - Define Equipment OR Places پێناسەکردنی ئامێر یان شوێنەکان * A + N…..is + a piece of equipment + (which) we use to + infinitive……. a machine which allows us to + infinitive…….. a room a place - Define People OR Jobs پێناسەکردنی خەڵک یان پیشەکان * A + N….(like+N.person) is + someone + who + base(s)………….. a person (who) people can ask to+infinitive.. an expert * Nکۆ..……………………...are + people e.g: 1. Define printer/ machine/ print paper copies of computer documents. - A printer is a machine (which) we use to print paper copies of computer documents. 2. Define website designers. Use: create internet sites. - Website designers are people who create internet sites. 3. Define website designers/experts. Use: create internet sites. - Website designers are experts who create internet sites. 4. Room 23, place, meet with the clients. Create definition. - Room 23 is a place (which) we use to meet with the clients. --------- تێبینی: هه‌رکاتێک Who/which بوون بە بەرکار لە ڕستەیەکی لێکدراودا، ئەوا دەکرێت نەنوسرێنەوە؛ وە بە ڕستەکەش دەوترێت ڕستەی کورتکراوە Reduced clause وەک نمونەی پێنج. 5. Room 209 is the room which we use this year for the meeting. (re-write this sentence as a reduced clause). - Room 209 is the room we use this year for the meeting. ♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ Page 41: C- Clauses introduced by [when, where, why] ئەو ڕستانەی بە [کاتێک، ئەو شوێنەی، بۆیە] دەست پێدەکەن 1. […………. کاتtime] + when + [……………….] 2. […………. شوێنplace] + where + [……………….] 3. […………. هۆکارreason] + why + [……………….] e.g 1. I work in a company. I can use my people skills. Use: where - I work in a company where I can use my people skills. 2. My brother made a website last year. I started to realize I am interested. Introduce it with a suitable conjunction - My brother made a website last year when I started to realize I am interested. 4. That was the reason…………… I got interested. (Use a relative pronoun) - why 5. Ali was born in Basrah. It was very crowded. (Use: where) - Ali was born in Basrah where it was very crowded. * Use [where, when, why] to fill in the gaps: 1.Grade 11 was…………..I decided my future carrier. -when 2. College of Education was…………….I studied literature. –where 3. His interest in IT was…………….He applied for his new job. -why ♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ Page 43: E- Expressing purpose دەربڕینی مەبەست 1. [ڕستەی سەرەکی] + in order to + [ infinitive………………..] so as to to 2. [ڕستەی سەرەکی] + for the purpose of + [ Ving………………..] 3. [ڕستەی سەرەکی] + so that + [ S + can/could + infinitive…..] in order that will/would may/might تێبینی: - لەکاتی بەکارهێنانی ئامرازی یەکەم و دووم؛ لە ڕستەی دووەم (مەبەست) دا بکەر و کرداری یاریدەدەر ئەگەر هەبوون نانوسرێنەوە. e.g: 1. Glass fibers are being used. They can carry communications. Use: to - Glass fibers are being used to carry communications. 2. Scientists improved the technology. They used it over long distances. Purpose, so as - Scientists improved the technology so as to use it over long distances. 3. Scientists improved the technology so as to use it over long distances. Use: so that - Scientists improved the technology so that they could use it over long distances. 4. People join social sites………..chatting with friends. Use the correct form to express purpose - for the purpose of 5. Scientists improved the technology so that they could use it over long distances. Use: for the purpose of - Scientists improved the technology for the purpose of using it over long distances. 6. They developed it. They wanted to share information. (Purpose. Use: so as) - They developed it so as to share information. 7. They developed it. They wanted to share information. (Purpose. Use: so as) - They developed it to share information. 8. Tim Berners-Lee used the first website. (Express purpose use: share information efficiently) - Tim Berners-Lee used the first website so as to share information efficiently. ♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ Page 43: Relative clauses with extra information ڕستەی پەیوەندی دار بە زانیاری زیادەوە * [S (n) , which ڕستەی دووەم ……, + V(کرداری ڕستەی یەکەم) …………………] who ڕستەی دووەم ………., * [ ڕستەی یەکەم….O (n) + which ڕستەی دووەم …….. who ڕستەی دووەم ………. تێبینی: له ڕسته‌ی دووه‌م دا هه‌موو کاتێک بکه‌ر لاده‌برێت (ئه‌گه‌ر هه‌بوو)، وه who/which ی لە شوێن دادەندریت. e.g: 1. They were used by Bell. He had earlier invented the telephone. Use: who - They were used by Bell who had earlier invented the telephone. 2. Bell used them. He had earlier invented the telephone. Add extra information - Bell, who had earlier invented the telephone, used them. 3. These glass fibers are not a new invention. They can transmit a signal. Use (which) to add extra information. - These glass fibers, which can transmit a signal, are not a new invention. 4. Scientists used these glass fibers. They can transmit a signal. Join with: which - Scientists used these glass fibers, which can transmit a signal. 5. The first website was created by Tim Berners-Lee. Add extra information. Use (gave it free to the world) - The first website was created by Tim Berners-Lee who gave it free to the world. 6. Millions of people now join the social sites. Add extra information. use (include facebook and myspace) - Millions of people now join the social sites, which include facebook and myspace. 7. Western tourists always like seeing archaeological sites. (Add extra information) use (are very ancient) - Western tourists always like seeing archaeological sites which are very ancient.
Posted on: Sun, 06 Oct 2013 10:45:23 +0000
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