When the debate on the brain drain has appeared in the 1960s , it concerned only the rich countries. The term brain drain was created by the British newspaper sensation in the early 1960s 1. She pointed qualified pejoratively migration as an economic loss , and referred to the emigration of British scientists to the United States. As no data were available to support the number of departures and even less economic consequences, the Royal Society commissioned a survey which was published in 19632 . According to figures provided in this report , 13% of PhD trained in the decade preceding the survey had emigrated and among these, less than half had visited the United States , less than 6 % of total PhD . According to another survey cited in the report, three-quarters of scientists emigrated to the United States were back in the UK. However, the United States continued to be accused of brain parasitize other countries 3, a charge that rallied other developed countries such as the European powers , the USSR , Israel, Australia etc. . The debate on the brain drain has gained the status of a debate ethical , motivated by the plight of developing countries, after the change, the United States, legislation on immigration4 . The United States had since 1924 a quota system which was originally to keep constant the ethnic composition of the country and favored the British and migrant European countries. By amending the Immigration Act in 1965, the quota system was abandoned in favor of an opening for migrants from non- European countries, especially Asian countries, while developing . Thus the brain drain has begun to appoint a migration stream directed to both the North and South for the benefit of the few industrialized countries.5 . In the 1970s , international organizations (UNCTAD, UNITAR ) helped institutionalize this vision , skilled migrants being seen as a simple reverse transfer of technology between countries6 Despite numerous case studies by country, a systematic empirical assessment of the stock of skilled migrants in OECD countries has emerged as the late 19907 and early 20008 . These studies define the brain drain by the attrition rate among those with at least two years of tertiary education. Countries with smaller or educated small population lag level of brain drain more important. However, a study by the International Monetary Fund published in 2009, the countries with the largest drain brains in the world is the Islamic Republic of Iran. The economic effects of these departures are not quantified to date, the currency repatriation can mitigate or compensate for the emigration of the elite of a country. Least Developed Countries (LDCs) [edit | edit the code] African countries most affected by brain drain are low-income countries : Cape Verde (67% qualified staff ) , Gambia (63%) , Mauritius ( 56%). The least affected countries are Morocco (17%) , Tunisia (9.6%) , Egypt (4.6%) , Burkina Faso (2.6% ) 9. And Haiti (more than 80% urban) , the islands of Cape Verde, Samoa , Gambia and Somalia have seen in recent years more than half from their frames to rich countries . In 2004 , a million people have left in search of better living conditions and employment , 15 % of graduates of higher education in these countries10 . For cons , the least developed Asian countries (Bangladesh, Nepal or Bhutan ), with less than 5% starting , have retained their élite10 . 3% of the African population with tertiary education and in the years 1990-2000 , the migration of these graduates has increased 123 % in West Africa against 53 % for non qualifiés11 . A WHO report on the migration of health workers to OECD countries , although this questimant insufficient contribution to explain the crisis in human resources for health [...] at the global level , Judge very worrying situation created by the high emigration rates , combined with the very low density of physicians on site in Caribbean countries and a number of African countries , including Lusophone and Francophone countries » 12 . The report also notes the strong growth of this migration , in particular with regard to doctors . According to Habib Ouane, coordinator of an UNCTAD report entitled Knowledge, Technological Learning and Innovation in the perspective of development, the Ile-de- France has more Beninese doctors that Benin 13. The brain drain has mainly negative effects on the development of these countries. Although migrants transfer funds to their countries of origin, it can not compensate for the losses caused by their departures ( cost of their training , employment of expatriates ... ) . In short, this form of migration deprives these countries men capable of ensuring their development14 . South Africa [ change | change the code] Like many African countries, South Africa is experiencing a brain drain in the past 20 years. This was particularly detrimental to the poorest populations affected by the AIDS epidemic and lack of medical personnel. This emigration is partly due to the policy of Black Economic Empowerment which pushes many white South Africans to emigrate , but the leak also affects diplômés15 black . For the whole English-speaking Africa, the only medical field , the cost of educating students who migrate amounted to € 1.5 billion, while the gain for the host country who have not to train these skills , amounts in billions of euros : € 2 billion for the sole United Kingdom16 . France [ change | change the code] Economics, 1998, 40 % of French economists senior , that is to say, ranking among the worlds top 1,000 researchers, according to their number of scientific publications , are expatriates in the United States. In biology , the ten most productive French expatriates published provided that all researchers at the Pasteur Institute , according to a study by Philippe Even, former dean of the Necker Hospital . Their score, the number of publications or impact factors , is the same as that of the ten best French remained in the territory . Examples: Luc Montagnier , Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2008 went to continue his research in the United States from 1997 to 2001 as a professor and director of the Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology at Queens College of the City University of New York, before to return to France . Other young French researchers demonstrate why they départ17 . Quebec [ change | change the code] Senior Quebec graduates have long tended to leave Quebec for a Canadian province or another country for better wages or better research environment or work. We figure this proportion to 74 % of Anglophones doctoral18 diploma holders . The brain drain has hit the headlines in the late 1990s in Quebec is increased research budgets to keep these brains. China [edit | edit the code] Nearly 1.4 million Chinese went to study and teach in universities abroad, and only a quarter of them returned after graduation . Indeed , following a report by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , China today is lack of specialists in all areas of its economy.19 [ref. insufficient ] . Notes and references
Posted on: Mon, 10 Mar 2014 22:27:22 +0000
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