GRAMMAR OF THE DAY: LINKING WORDS – LIÊN TỪ I/ LIÊN TỪ CHỈ KẾT QUẢ (result) 1. SO + adj/adv + THAT + clause SUCH + noun + THAT + clause (trong văn nói có thể lược bỏ THAT) Ex: - He was SO tired THAT he went to bed early. - It was SUCH a difficult exam (THAT) he knew he wouldn’t pass it. 2. SO + clause Ex: - It was late, SO he decided to take a taxi home. 3. AS A RESULT, CONSEQUENTLY có thể dùng để mở đầu câu. AND, AS A RESULT được dùng để nối 2 mệnh đề trong một câu. Ex: - We have invested too much money in this project. CONSEQUENTLY, we are in financial difficulties. - His wife left him, AND/AS A RESULT, he became very depressed. 4. THEREFORE thường được dùng ở giữa câu (ngoài ra cũng có thể dùng ở đầu hoặc cuối câu) Ex: - We feel, THEREFORE, that a decision must be made. II/ LIÊN TỪ CHỈ LÝ DO (reason) 1. SINCE/AS/SEEING THAT + clause (đứng trước mệnh đề chính) Ex: - SEEING THAT/SINCE/AS we arrived late, all the best seats had been taken. 2. BECAUSE + clause (đứng sau mệnh đề chính) Ex: - We couldn’t find a good seat BECAUSE all the best ones had been taken. 3. BECAUSE OF/AS A RESULT OF/OWING TO/DUE TO + noun/noun phrase. Ex: - We were unable to go by train BECAUSE OF the rail strike. - Many of the deaths of older people are DUE TO heart attacks. III/ LIÊN TỪ CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH (purpose) 1. (NOT) TO/IN ODER (NOT) TO/SO AS (NOT) TO + verb nguyên mẫu Notice: trong văn viết (formal) không nên dùng (NOT) TO Ex: - We came to the countryside TO find some peace and quiet. - Handle the flowers carefully IN ORDER NOT TO damage them. 2. SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT + clause (thường dùng can, could, might, would) Ex: - He chose this university SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT he could study Physics. IV/ LIÊN TỪ CHỈ SỰ ĐỐI LẬP (contrast) 1. ALTHOUGH/EVEN IF/EVEN THOUGH + clause (even though chỉ dùng trong văn nói) Ex: - ALTHOUGH/EVEN IF/EVEN THOUGH the car is old, it is still reliable. 2. DESPITE/IN SPITE OF + noun/noun phrase/V_ing DESPITE THE FACT THAT/IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT + clause Ex: - DESPITE/IN SPITE OF the rain, I went for a walk. - We enjoyed our walking holiday DESPITE THE FACT THAT/IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT it was tiring. 3. HOWEVER + clause THOUGH thường dùng trong văn nói, và đứng ở cuối câu. Ex: - Buying a house is expensive. It is, HOWEVER, a good investment. - It’s a big decision to make, THOUGH. 4. BUT/WHILE/WHEREAS thường dùng để nối 2 mệnh đề trong câu. Ex: - John is very rich BUT/WHILE/WHEREAS his friends are extremely poor. 5. ON THE ONE HAND/ON THE OTHER HAND dùng cho một cặp câu diễn tả 2 ý trái ngược nhau. Ex: - ON THE ONE HAND these computers are expensive. ON THE OTHER HAND they are exactly what we want. V/ LIÊN TỪ CHỈ THỜI GIAN 1. WHEN/WHILE/AS/AFTER + clause Ex: - WHEN/WHILE/AS I was driving along the road, I saw a terrible accident. - He went out AFTER he’d finished work. 2. WHENEVER/EVERY TIME + clause Ex: - WHENEVER/EVERY TIME I see him, he’s driving a different car. 3. FIRST/THEN/LATER etc. dùng để giới thiệu những mốc thời gian. Ex: - FIRST he closed all the windows, THEN he locked the doors. LATER he came back to check that everything was all right. 4. DURING/ALL THROUGH/THROUGHOUT + noun phrase. Ex: - DURING/ALL THROUGH the summer we get a lot of visitors. - It rained heavily THROUGHOUT the night. VI/ LIÊN TỪ CHỈ ĐIỀU KIỆN (condition) 1. EVEN IF/AS LONG AS/UNLESS + clause Ex: - EVEN IF you are born rich, life is still difficult. - You can borrow the car AS LONG AS you’re careful with it. - You can’t come with me UNLESS you promise to keep quiet. 2. WHETHER… OR NOT được dùng làm câu hỏi gián tiếp. Sau giới từ và/hoặc trước động từ TO V chúng ta sử dụng WHETHER chứ không dùng IF. Ex: - I don’t know WHETHER you have met him OR NOT. - It depends ON WHETHER the government takes any action. - The organizers will decide WHETHER TO IMPOSE fines. 3. IN CASE + clause IN CASE OF + noun (dùng trong văn viết) Ex: - Take this umbrella IN CASE it rains. - IN CASE OF emergency, break the glass. VII/ LIÊN TỪ DÙNG ĐỂ THÊM THÔNG TIN HOẶC NHẤN MẠNH 1. BESIDES/IN ADDITION (TO THAT)/FURTHERMORE + clause (đứng sau mệnh đề chính). Trong văn viết nên dùng FURTHERMORE. MOREOVER được dùng ở đầu hoặc giữa câu nhằm đưa thêm thông tin. Ex: - I don’t really want to go out tonight. BESIDES, there’s a good film on TV. - We are still waiting for the goods we ordered three months ago. FURTHERMORE, we have been overcharged for our last order. - This theory about the origins of the universe is new. It is, MOREOVER, extremely interesting. 2. NOT ONLY… BUT ALSO/AS WELL Notice: BUT ALSO + noun/noun phrase; BUT + S + V + ALSO NOT ONLY khi đứng đầu câu sẽ mang ý nghĩa nhấn mạnh, sử dụng cấu trúc này cần đảo ngữ cho vế NOT ONLY và vế còn lại sẽ dùng BUT + S + V + ALSO. Ex: - The painting is NOT ONLY valuable BUT ALSO a work of art. - She NOT ONLY writes novels BUT (she) lectures AS WELL. - The house was NOT ONLY large BUT (was/it was) ALSO modern. - NOT ONLY is the restaurant superb BUT it is ALSO expensive. 3. AS WELL AS + noun/phrase/V_ing Ex: - They robbed a bank AS WELL AS a post office. - AS WELL AS being sent to prison, they were fined $2000. 4. TOO/AS WELL/NOT EITHER thường dùng trong văn nói, và đặt ở cuối mệnh đề phụ. Ex: - They like Indian food. I like Indian food TOO/AS WELL. - They aren’t very generous people. They have NOT got any friends EITHER.
Posted on: Mon, 24 Jun 2013 02:13:58 +0000
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