S NOTES Introduction This book is an attempt at explaining the Windows Operating system and its features from the view point of a visually impaired person. This book contains references to Figures which have been produced by this organisation in the Braille tectile format. As far as possible we have tried to keep it independent of any particular version of Windows. B. Operating Systems A software program coordinates the operations of the various hardware components of the computer. The system software or operating system program helps the user to actually operate the computer system. This is an interface between the user and the computer. The operating system oversees the processing of the application programs and all inputs to and from the system. Without the operating system, we cannot use the applications software. The operating system controls computer system resources and coordinates the flow of data to and from the microprocessor and to and from input devices and output devices such as the keyboard and the monitor. In other words Operating system is an organised collection of integrated set of specialised programs that controls the overall operations of computer. It helps the computer to supervise and manage its resources. Operating system calls the application program whenever needed, translates the special service program and manages data needed to produce the output as desired by the users. The most popular operating systems are WINDOWS from MICROSOFT corp., LINUX, UNIX and the OS/2.This book deals with the WINDOWS operating system. The Windows OS has kept improving over the time and different versions have come out. It was launched as Windows 3.0 followed by the Windows 3.1. Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows 2000 are the more popular versions. C. Introducing Windows There are three main reasons for working in the Windows environment: 1) to reduce memory load and make working easier, 2) to run multiple applications at the same time, and share information between them, 3) to use standardised applications. These aspects are discussed in the following sections. Before any further description of Windows, it is important to note that the term Windows can refer to the operating system, and also to the rectangular areas on the screen in which you work. The context should make the distinction clear. WINDOW KEYSTROKES General: 7Get Help F1 Open the Start menu WINDOWS LOGO KEY ORCTRL+ESC Open Windows Explorer WINDOWS LOGO KEY+E Open Run Dialog WINDOWS LOGOS KEY +R Find File or Folder from Desktop F3 Minimize All Applications WINDOWS LOGOS KEY +M Switch between open applications ALT+TAB Quit the active application ALT+F4 For Windows and Menus Open the application control menu ALT+SPACEBAR Move to the menu bar in application alt Choose a Menu item enter Move between menus ALT, ARROW KEYS Cancel or close a menu ESC Cancel or close a cascading menuALT Open a child window control menuALT+DASH Close a child window CTRL+F6 Open the applications menuAPLLICATION OR SHIFT F10 For Dialogs Move through dialog controls or tab pages TAB Move backward through dialog controls SHIFT+TAB Move to another page CTRL+TAB Reverse direction through pages CTRL+SHIFT+TAB Move to first item HOME Move to last item ENDSelect or deselect in list view SPACEBAR OR CTRL+SPACEBAR Toggle a check box on/off SPACEBAR For Read ing Text Move One Character left LEFT ARROW Move One Character Right rightARROW Move One Word Left ctrl+left arrow Move One Word Right :ctrl+right arrow Move to Beginning of Line home Move to End of Line end Move One Paragraph Up ctrl+up arrow Move One Paragraph Down ctrl+down arrow Scroll up one screen page up Scroll down one screen page down Move to beginning CTRL+HOME Move to end CTRL+END For Editing Text: Copy Ctrl+C Cut Ctrl+X Paste Ctrl+V Undo Ctrl+Z Delete current character DELETE Delete prior character BACKSPACE Select One Character Left shift+left arrow Select One Character Right shift+right arrow Select One Word Left CTRL+SHIFT+LEFT ARROW Select One Word Right CTRL+SHIFT+RIGHT ARROW Select to Beginning of Line SHIFT+home Select to End of Line SHIFT+END Select to beginning CTRL+SHIFT+HOME Select to end CTRL+SHIFT+END Select All CTRL+A For Windows Explorer: Delete files DELETE Rename a file or folder F2 Open Properties for Selected File or Folder Alt+Enter Refresh a window F5 Switch between windows F6 OR TAB Go to a folder CTRL+G Go up one level BACKSPACE Files and Folders On the secondary memory devices, the data and the programmes are stored in forms of files. These files are classified and arranged in different folders. Every file has a name like transaction.doc. File name has two parts. In the above example, the last three characters of the file name “doc” are its extension name and the “transaction” is its primary name. The primary name and the extension name is separated with a dot sign. The extension name is used for informing the system software about the application software which was used to create that file. This feature is called the association of extension name. For example, DOC extension is associated with Ms-word. XLS extension is associated with MS-excel. Any file with the extension EXE, COM or BAT contains executable programme. Why do we need folders? Any computer contains thousands of files. These files need to be organized in a way that it is easy to locate them. Consider the following example: NAB stores text of schoolbooks on hard disk. We make one folder for every class. With in each class folder, there are folders for every subject. With in the folder for subject, there are folders for every book. Inside the folder of a book there are files containing one chapter each of that book. In this way, complete address of the file-containing chapter 1 of the book English Reader for class 9 would be: C:\class09\english\english reader\chapter01.doc You will notice that in writing the address of a file, the \ character is used as a separator between the names of folders and file. C: is the drive letter to depict the hard disk drive. The complete address of the file is known as the path of the file. Mother Board: This is the circuit board inside the system box. This board is around 10 inches by 11 inches in size. This board has sockets for plugging different types of computer chips. Various disk drives are also connected to the motherboard via special cables called data-bus. Ports: These are the slots at the back of the system box where cables for various devices like the keyboard, monitor, printer, etc are attached. There are following types of ports: COM Port or the Serial Port: This port has 9 or 25 pins in its socket. The socket of COM port at the system box is of male type. This port is commonly used for connecting mouse, modem and speech synthesizer. Normally there are two COM ports in a desktop computer and they are labeled com-1 and com-2. Parallel Port: This port is also called the printer port because normally the printer cable is connected to this port. Cables of some scanners are also connected through this port. In the system box, this port is of female type. Normally there is only one parallel port in a desktop PC. This is labeled as LPT1. PS2 Port: This is a small circular port used on some desktop PCs to connect the keyboard and mouse. USB Port: These ports are the latest addition to the desktop. There are normally two USB ports in a PC. USB port is of male type on the system box and is flat in shape. In the present times, scanners are mostly attached to these ports. Printers are also supplied with USB port interface and cable. Mains Electricity Ports: There is a female type electricity port at the system box for connecting the electricity supply cable for the monitor. There is also a male type electricity port at the system box for connecting the electricity cable for the computer. Video Port: This is a female type port used to connect the data cable of the monitor. There are more ports as a part of cards like the ports for headphone or speakers at the sound card. These ports are also to be found at the back of the system box. 5-pin Keyboard Port: Many PCs use a 5-pin keyboard port to connect the keyboard instead of the PS2 port. CARD: Card is also a circuit board with ICs and chips on it. This card is fixed in a perpendicular position on the motherboard. These are also called extension cards. Some of the common cards are sound card, modem card or the graphics adapter card. Data Bus: These are multi wire flat cables used for connecting devices inside the system box to the motherboard. DISK OPERATING SYSTEM Introduction: This file contains the most important commands required for running DOS. It also gives some background of DOS. What is DOS? the word DOS stands for Disk Operating System. An operating system is a piece of software that looks after the whole functioning of a computer. The operating systems are of two types. They are: Graphical User Interface (GUI): Here the interface is constituted by graphical symbols which can be clicked with a pointing device. The user doesnt have to remember all the commands. All the options are presented in the form of Windows, Menus, Dialog Boxes. It is very easy to learn a Graphical Operating System. But GUIs are not very useful in carrying complex computer operations. Character User Interfaces (CUI): CUIs are those operating systems in which the instructions to the computer are given in a series of text commands. The machine then processes the commands. Some examples of CUIs are: Microsoft Windows, Linux etc. DOS Overview: DOS or Disk Operating System shows a prompt to the user where the command text the user types is displayed. When the user presses the return key, the output is displayed on the screen. The system shows an error message when the user enters a command incorrectly. The structure of a DOS command: All DOS commands have a definite structure. The command consists of a main word and its parameters. Example: cd [[/d] [Drive:][Path] [..]] [[/d] [Drive:][Path] [..]] In the above command the word CD is the actual command and the parameters are given in brackets. It is for reading purpose only. The brackets shouldnt be typed while giving the commands. The COPY CON command: The first command that we are going to deal in this file is COPY CON. This command is used to write text files. This command is actually used for writing a series of commands and then executing the commands by simply typing the filename at the command prompt. Syntax: COPY CON Filename Procedure: At the DOS prompt type the following. COPY CON First Press Enter and type the following lines. This is my file. This is the second line. This is the third line. Now press Control+Z followed by Enter. DOS displays the following output. One file(s) copied And then the focus will be returned to the DOS prompt. The TYPE Command: The TYPE command is used to view text from a text file. Syntax (simple): TYPE Filename with path Procedure: Type the following command at the DOS prompt. TYPE First Now DOS will display the text in the First file that we have created earlier. The CLS Command: The CLS Command is used to clear the screen. When entered, this command clears the screen by removing any earlier text that was displayed on the screen. Type the following Command at the DOS prompt. CLS DOS clears the screen by removing all the text that is there on the screen. The MD Command - creating a directory: In DOS, Folders are called directories. Use the MD or MKDIR command to create new directories. The syntax is given below. Syntax (Simple): MD directory name or MKDIR directory name vizarath ali contac number 9581496987 skype vizarath.mohammed email kamran.vizarath@gmail
Posted on: Wed, 05 Mar 2014 14:32:08 +0000
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