Hitler, NOT Gandhi, Should Be Given Credit for the Independence of India in 1947 Dr. Susmit Kumar, Ph.D. World War II had a profound effect on the colonial powers because it completely destroyed their economies. Although Hitler committed crimes against humanity, I give him credit—and not Gandhi—for India’s independence immediately after World War II. Hitler destroyed the economies of Britain and France to such an extent that they were no longer able to financially maintain their military forces, and were hence incapable of containing the burgeoning freedom movements in their colonies. It is worth noting that Britain was in such bad shape that it received about one-fourth of the total aid given under the Marshall Plan. Regardless of Gandhi or any other charismatic leader, Britain would have left India in 1947 purely for financial reasons, due to its wholly collapsed economy. After WWII, Britain left not only India but nearly all its other holdings, including Jordan in 1946, Palestine in 1947, Sri Lanka in 1948, Myanmar in 1948, and Egypt in 1952. For the same reason, France also had to grant independence to Laos in 1949 and Cambodia in 1953, and had to leave Vietnam in 1954. Had there been no Hitler and no World War II, it most probably would have taken another 30 or more years for India and some of the other colonies to achieve independence. Another major consequence of World War II was that it greatly hastened Indian political independence. The highly publicized Cripps Mission that took place in India in 1942 was essentially a political ploy approved by Churchill to buy time for Britain and to try to assuage anti-colonialist feelings in the U.S.[1] British historians P.J. Cain and A.G. Hopkins described the hopeless situation of the British in India as follows: By the end of war, there was a loss of purpose at the very center of the imperial system. The gentlemanly administrators who managed the Raj no longer had the heart to devise new moves against increasing odds, not least because after 1939 the majority of the Indian Civil Service were themselves Indian. In 1945 the new Viceroy, Wavell, commented on the “weakness and weariness of the importance of the instrument still our disposal in the shape of the British element in the Indian Civil Service. The town had been lost to opponents of the Raj; the countryside had slipped beyond control. Widespread discontent in the army was followed in 1946 by a mutiny in the navy. It was then Wavell, the unfortunate messenger, reported to London that India had become ungovernable [which finally led to the independence of India].[2] There is a saying that history is written by the victors of war. One of the greatest myths, first propagated by the Indian Congress Party in 1947 upon receiving the transfer of power from the British, and then by court historians, is that India received its independence as a result of Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violence movement. This is one of the supreme inaccuracies of Indian history because had there been no Hitler and no World War II, Gandhi’s movement would have slowly fizzled out because gaining full independence would have taken several more decades. By that time, Gandhi would have long been dead, and he would have gone down in history as simply one of several great Indian freedom fighters of the times, such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Motilal Nehru, Dada Bhai Naoroji, and C.R. Das. He would never have received the vast publicity that he did for his nonviolence movement. Political independence for India was achieved not by Mahatma Gandhi, but rather by Hitler rendering the British Empire a bankrupt entity. In fact, Gandhi’s popularity among the masses had decreased substantially already in the 1930s, perhaps partially because in reality Gandhi had no idea of how to bring about India’s independence. At the Madras Congress session in 1927, when Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, two other freedom movement leaders, succeeded in having a resolution passed declaring India’s complete independence, Gandhi was annoyed, and hence—only to cater to Gandhi—the Madras resolution was modified to request dominion status under the British the following year at the Calcutta Congress Session in 1928. Subhas Chandra Bose was a genius with a superlative academic record. After only six months of preparation, he stood fourth in the prestigious Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination, which in those days was held at regular intervals in Britain. In his book The Indian Struggle, Bose described his first meeting with Gandhi in 1921: I began to heap question upon question…The reply to the first question satisfied me…His reply to the second question was disappointing and his reply to the third question was no better…My reason told me clearly…that there was a deplorable lack of clarity in the plan which the Mahatma had formulated and that he himself had no clear idea of the successive stages of the campaign which would bring India to her cherished goal of freedom.[3] Bose was unanimously elected Congress Party president in 1938. The following year, he decided that the party should launch a nationwide civil disobedience movement, giving the British six months’ notice. With this goal in mind, he decided to run for re-election as party president. This was completely within precedent; just before his term, Nehru had also been Congress Party president for two terms. Gandhi, however, was not pleased. He threw his entire support behind Sitaramayya, another senior Congress leader. Despite this, Bose defeated him. Gandhi said publicly that the defeat of Sitaramayya was his own defeat. He then manipulated his followers in ensuing executive committee meetings in such a way that he forced Bose to resign from the party. Commenting on this, Aurobindo Ghosh, the nationally famous freedom fighter turned renunciate, stated: The Congress at the present stage—what is it but a Fascist organization? Gandhi is the dictator like Stalin, I won’t say like Hitler: what Gandhi says they accept and even the Working Committee follows him; then it goes to the All-India Congress Committee which adopts it, and then the Congress. There is no opportunity for any difference of opinion, except for Socialists who are allowed to differ provided they don’t seriously differ. Whatever resolutions they pass are obligatory on all the provinces whether the resolutions suit the provinces or not. There is no room for any other independent opinion. Everything is fixed up before and the people are only allowed to talk over it—like Stalin’s Parliament. Ultimately, however, Gandhi and the Congress Party opted for a “Quit India Movement” against the British in 1942 and he spread the slogan “Do or Die,” which in fact Subhas had proposed in 1938. The British government arrested all the top Congress Party leaders and thus killed the Quit India Movement before it had a chance to gather steam. It fizzled out entirely within a matter of months. Although Bose’s Indian National Army (INA), which drew its cadre from Indian POW’s in Japanese camps and fought along with Japanese forces on India’s eastern front towards the end of the war, failed in its ultimate mission, indirectly it succeeded in causing the British to leave India early. When Japan surrendered, the British charged 20,000 INA men with treason. They decided to hold the trial in public at the Red Fort in Delhi. The first three of Bose’s officers to be tried were a Hindu, a Muslim, and a Sikh. This immediately united Indians of all three religions against the British. While the Muslim League was at that time fighting with the Congress Party and demanding a separate state for Muslims, on this issue it joined Congress in the now-national movement against the INA officers’ trial. Most of Bose’s army cadres were Muslims. On November 21 and 23, 1945, a mass demonstration took place in Kolkata (Calcutta). Participants included members of the Congress Party, the Communist Party, and Muslim League. The police shot more than 200 people, of whom 33 died. Then the British decided to put on trial only those INA men who were charged with committing murder or brutality against other POW’s. However, Kolkata simply exploded when, in February 1946, an Abdul Rashid Khan (a Muslim) of the INA was given seven years’ rigorous imprisonment for murder. The protest began peacefully by students of the Muslim League, but later students of the Congress and Communist parties joined them in solidarity. Both the police and the army were called to put down what came to be known as “the almost revolution.” This time nearly 400 people were shot down, and nearly 100 killed. Since racial discrimination was rampant in the Royal Indian Navy, Khan’s trial gave thousands of Indians the excuse to mutiny. The mutiny spread to nearly 80 ships and 20 sites on land. This came closer to overthrowing the British than anything Gandhi ever did. The reasons behind Indian independence are nicely summarized by the esteemed Indian historian Ramesh Chandra Majumdar: There is, however, no basis for the claim that the Civil Disobedience Movement directly led to independence. The campaigns of Gandhi … came to an ignoble end about fourteen years before India achieved independence … During the First World War the Indian revolutionaries sought to take advantage of German help in the shape of war materials to free the country by armed revolt. But the attempt did not succeed. During the Second World War Subhas Bose followed the same method and created the INA. In spite of brilliant planning and initial success, the violent campaigns of Subhas Bose failed … The Battles for India’s freedom were also being fought against Britain, though indirectly, by Hitler in Europe and Japan in Asia. None of these scored direct success, but few would deny that it was the cumulative effect of all the three that brought freedom to India. In particular, the revelations made by the INA trial, and the reaction it produced in India, made it quite plain to the British, already exhausted by the war, that they could no longer depend upon the loyalty of the sepoys [low-ranking Indian soldiers under British command] for maintaining their authority in India. This had probably the greatest influence upon their final decision to quit India.”[4] It was British prime minister Clement Atlee who, when granting independence to India, said that Gandhi’s non-violence movement had next to zero effect on the British. In corroboration, Chief Justice P.B. Chakrabarty of the Kolkata High Court, who had earlier served as acting governor of West Bengal, disclosed the following in a letter addressed to the publisher of Ramesh Chandra Majumdar’s book A History of Bengal: You have fulfilled a noble task by persuading Dr. Majumdar to write this history of Bengal and publishing it … In the preface of the book Dr. Majumdar has written that he could not accept the thesis that Indian independence was brought about solely, or predominantly by the non-violent civil disobedience movement of Gandhi. When I was the acting Governor, Lord Atlee, who had given us independence by withdrawing the British rule from India, spent two days in the Governor’s palace at Calcutta during his tour of India. At that time I had a prolonged discussion with him regarding the real factors that had led the British to quit India. My direct question to him was that since Gandhi’s “Quit India” movement had tapered off quite some time ago and in 1947 no such new compelling situation had arisen that would necessitate a hasty British departure, why did they have to leave? In his reply Atlee cited several reasons, the principal among them being the erosion of loyalty to the British Crown among the Indian army and navy personnel as a result of the military activities of Netaji [Subhash Chandra Bose]. Toward the end of our discussion I asked Atlee what was the extent of Gandhi’s influence upon the British decision to quit India. Hearing this question, Atlees lips became twisted in a sarcastic smile as he slowly chewed out the word, “m-i-n-i-m-a-l!” [5] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Cain, P.J. and Hopkins, A.G., British Imperialism 1688-2000, 2nd Ed., Pearson Education, Harlow, U.K., 2002, p. 560. 2 Ibid., pp. 560-1. 3 “Netaji and Gandhi, 2 Titans of the Independence Struggle”, India Abroad (India), January 24, 1997. 4 Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra, Three Phases of India’s Struggle for Freedom, Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, India, 1967, pp. 58-59. 5 Ranjan Borra, “Subhas Chandra Bose, The Indian National Army, and The War of India’s Liberation,” Journal of Historical Review, Vol. 20 (2001), No. 1, reference 46. Sunday, 10 November 2013 BooksCasino Capitalism: The Collapse of the US Economy and the Transition to Secular Democracy in the Middle East ($23.95, 328 pages, iUniverse, 2012) Get it at Barnes & Noble (available in e-book version also) and other bookstores Please click here to see its entire cover page About the book: It is an extension of Chapter 6 (The Collapse of the American Economy) of The Modernization of Islam... book. Rated * * * * * out of 5 by ForeWord Clarion Reviews, saying: Frighteningly thought-provoking ... easily understood ... the Occupy Wall Street crowd will find vindication in this book. Please click here to read the entire review. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Karma, Mind, and Quest for Happiness ($11.95, 86 pages, iUniverse, 2012) Get it at Barnes & Noble (available in e-book version also) and other bookstores Please click here to see its entire cover page About the book: Until recently people used to consider units of time and distance as 100-200 years and 100-200 miles, respectively, whereas astronomers now measure time and distance in billions of years and trillions of miles. Still science can study the scientific laws of only 4 percent of the materials in the universe as it can not see the remaining 96%, called as dark matter’ and dark energy. Great persons like Christ, Buddha, Moses, Prophet Muhammad, and Krishna knew something about the workings of the Universe which are not common knowledge, and thats why we claim their actions to be miracles or religious dogma whereas these teachers were applying scientific principles, unknown to us, in everyday life. Dr. Kumar has explained the constituent parts of mind, the effect of mantra on the mind and how Karma may be scientifically defined and explained. The Modernization of Islam and the Creation of a Multipolar World Order ($20.95, 376 pages, Booksurge, 2008) Get it at Amazon and other bookstores Please click here to see its entire cover page About the book: The book has 376 pages (500 words per page) and 640 endnotes. It took 4 years to write this book. The Chapter 6 (The Collapse of the American Economy) was finished in early 2007. Reviews 1. Midwest Book Review 2. Comments on Its Bogus Kirkus Discoveries Review -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Casino CapitalismThe 2008 Great Recession and Deregulation The 2008 Great Recession and Shady Mortgages Casino Capitalism and the 2008 Record Oil Price .....................more US EconomyCapitalism is Already Dead in US Republican Administrations Create Wars to Increase GDP .....................more Global EconomyStop Blaming China – It is the Structural Failure of the Global Trade System Casino Capitalism and the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis The Global Economy Desperately Needs Another Brilliant Keynes Idea .....................more US PoliticsAfghanistan A Frankenstein–Failed Reagan Policy Removal of Saddam – A Disaster for US Policy Reagan – Great President or F-grade President .....................more World PoliticsHitler, NOT Gandhi Was the Reason for the 1947 Indian Independence Forgotten Victims of Cold War The 1991 Gulf War - Result of Economic Proxy War by US .....................more IraqSaddam - An ex-CIA Man The 1991 Gulf War - Result of Economic Proxy War by US .....................more AfghanistanAfghanistan - A Short History Rise of A Frankenstein (Afghanistan) - Failed Reagan Policy .....................more PakistanPakistan - A Failed Country and Mother of All Terrorism History of Kashmir Conflict .....................more IndiaHitler, NOT Gandhi, Should Be Given Credit for the Independence of India in 1947 History of Kashmir Conflict .....................more CapitalismCapitalism Is Already Dead in US Casino Capitalism and the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis Casino Capitalism and the 2008 Record Oil Price .....................more CommunismReason for USSR Collapse - OIl & German Banks, NOT Reagan .....................more IslamThe Sharia: Islamic Laws Madhahib: Jurisprudence Status of Women in Islam .....................more Modernization of Islam TheoryTheory of Modernization of Islam Theory of Clash of Civilizations Kemal Ataturk - Leader of Modern Day Secular Turkey .....................more HistoryCauses of World Wars I and II Consequences of World Wars I and II Kemal Ataturk - Leader of Modern Day Secular Turkey .....................more DemocracyDemocracy Is a New Phenomenon and the Best “-cracy”, But Needs Reforms U.S. Is As Corrupt As A Third World Country Reagan – Great President or F-grade President .....................more ProutFundamental Rights in Prout Differences Among Prout, Capitalism and Communism Democracy - Some Suggested Modifications .....................more
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