Mid-term Study Guide Ideal Form – The non-material abstract form that contains the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. We perceive the material world through sensation, but we have the knowledge from the Ideal Form. Comes from Socrates metaphysics, it is the underlying form of things. It is the world of appearances, or the visible world, it is unchanging compared to the intelligible world. Philosopher King – best type of king for the city. Is clear sighted and believes in truthfulness, loves the clear being, not a coward, looks at all of the time and all of the “being”, is memoryful and loves proportion. Myth of the metals – It is a noble lie that is a trick on the guardians. It states that all people are formed of the earth and are siblings. The rulers are the gold, the auxiliaries are the silver, and the others are the bronze/iron. Creates culture of responsibility of guardians because it provides love + care of society as guardians will not be doing anything for money since they have “it.” Allegory of the cave – It compares education and the lack of education on our nature. It says that if we are accustomed to one way, we will be unable to see anything else, or see the good. Philosopher has been out of the cave and has seen the light, but he must go back inside to become a “philosopher king.” Justice in the City – Found in all people doing their roles for the city. To understand justice in the soul, we must first understand justice in the city Justice in the Soul – It is known as the “Good.” It is when all elements of the soul, which are the reason, the spirited and the appetites, do their parts correctly and are working in balance. Guardian - (II.347.a) Special type of person because they must unite opposites within themselves: care for city and hate enemy. Specialize in defense to protect the city and must receive a special education of arts, poetry and physical education. Lover of learning and their function is to love the city. They must also live at the center of the city and have an “open-door” policy where citizens can come see them at any time. They should also be ½ philosophers. They do not receive a pay, instead they receive money that is only enough for food and other necessities. They are divided into two types, the auxiliaries (who are the “silver” in the Myth of the Metals (MotM), and the complete guardians, who rule the city and are the lawmakers (are the “gold” in the MotM.) Democracy – It is the rule of all, they hate Oligarchs (money loving). It was originated by the overthrow of the wealthy, and equal division of wealth and political office. It is pure anarchy and there is no compulsion to rule or serve. Leads to populous leaders. Multifarious soul, soul is at complete war with itself. Eventually turns into Tyranny. (VIII.550.c-555.a) Oligarchy – Rule by the rich. Everyone loves money. Ruled by the few and the wealthy. This causes a city of two, which is a division of the wealthy and the poor. There is no reason or honor loving. People are thrifty, in the sense that they save their money but spend the money of others, and are squanders, meaning if they’re not saving, they’re spending. (VIII.555.b.5-562.a) Dialectic – Arguments cannot be taught to children, one must learn to argue on their own. Philosophers used dialectic, while Sophists do not. It is when you have a reason for arguing. Must be offered to potential philosopher kings at childhood. Should be never taught to the wrong people, or even to the people who are the right type but very young. This will lead them to argue for no reason. (VII.521.e-end of VII) Music/Poetry – Discussion of Socrates, Glaucon and Adeimantus on education and the subjects that should be taught to children. Music and poetry both implement the truth and lies, which mess with a child’s mind. It is bad for Guardians, because the Poets are teaching lies about the Gods. (II.377a-end of book II) Visible World – The materialistic world that we see. It is the world that contains the physical objects, images and appearances. Constantly changing, they are less real compared to Forms. Fall under the visible category on the Divided Line. Because of the good, we can understand the visible world. Intelligible World – The good, it is the “real world.” Consists of Forms that are real. It is never changing like the visible world, everything remains the same. Falls under the intelligible category on the Divided Line. It is eternal, nothing ever changes. The Forms are what really exists, and the visible world is just an appearance. Divided Line –The division between the visible and the intelligible world. Divided into subsections, knowledge, the truth, and opinion, what we see. The opinion is divided into imagination and visible things. The knowledge is divided into things as a thought, and the first principle. (VI.506d-p207) Calculation – Soul – The good. It is eternal and never changing in its “Form.” We cannot see it, it is part of the visible world. The 3 parts – 1) Reason, 2) Spirited, and 3) Appetites. The Reason controls the Appetite. All 3 parts protect your soul. They must work in balance to ensure the “Good” and this is justice in the soul. Philosopher – Lover of wisdom Ring of Gyges – “Justice is not what you want.” Ring that would practically make you invisible. The story is used by Socrates to prove to that justice is not doing what you want. Shows that, if there were no consequences, people would do anything. pg.38: For Glaucon This tale proves that people are only just because they are afraid of punishment for injustice. No one is just because justice is desirable in itself. He uses this to provoke Socrates to go more into depth what justice is. He uses this tale because he is trying to say that we only practice justice because we don’t want to be caught to face the consequences. He argues that even the most just man will do injustice if he would never be caught. Timocracy – The honor loving class. It is mixed of reason and the love of honor. (VIII546.a-550.b.5) Tyranny - (VIII.562a.5-END VIII)
Posted on: Sun, 19 Oct 2014 03:31:54 +0000
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