Pioneer Alumni Trade Facilitation Expert and WTO Expert (WTO-World Trade Organization) GEG.Global Economic Governance Programme . Department of Politics and International Relations . University of Oxford and University College Oxford .United Kingdom Since the 22nd of Feburary,2010 : My Professional Educational Scholarly Academic Expertise Research Comments are been used for these Works: (1) GEG Trade Governance Project. (2) Global Economic Governance . (3) Strengthening Multilateralism : A Mapping of Proposals on WTO Reforms . (4) Making Global Trade Governance Work for Development. GEG. Global Economic Governance Programme Oxford University UK .website : globaleconomicgovernance.org Herr Peter Olakpe . Davies Verwert.Patent Historiker Frankfurt City Stadt Frankfurt am Main State of Hessen Germany Since the Year,2000. Herrn Peter Ogheneworo Olakpe . Davies Historiker Identification Number:002165180. IHK .German Chamber of Industry and Commerce Stadt Frankffurt am Main State of Hessen Germany Since the Month of Janurary,2001. My CDU Germany Number:CDU CRM 00912729. CDU. Berlin .Germany cdu.de Since the 12th of October,2011. I am Proud and Previledged to have gotten My CDU number,Federal Government of Germany Recognition after the Successful vist of the Head of Government of Germany to Africa and to Nigeria ,West Africa on the 12th and 14th of July ,2011. Congratulation to the Head of German Government Chancellor Angela Merkel (CDU) on Her recent re-election for another tenure . I am Proud to be a Professionally recognised Expert and for giving Me their Political Party the CDU number as a known Person. Special Thanks to My Son Daniele and Wife Claudia. I have veen missing You since I left for Research in Africa ,since Janurary,2002. Daniele You became 15 years old in July,2013. and Claudia My wife 41 years in Janurary,2013. Olakpe,Peter Matriculation Number :FOE/87/88 /6097. B.A (Ed) History. Set :1987 - 1991 DEPARTMENT : History FACULTY : Educational Adminstration and Policy Studies. Delta State University (DELSU) Abraka .Delta State. Nigeria . West Africa. Mr. Olakpe-Davies. OLAKPE DAVIES ,Peter DAVIES,Olakpe Peter Peter Olakpe Davies Peter Olakpe-Davies P.Davies Davis Canali (Rotelli) Latina.near Rome. Italy. Olakpe ,Ogheneworo Peter. Mr. Olakpe- Davis. Peter Oro Afode Olakpe . Peter Oro Afode Olahpe Davies Email: peter olakpe@yahoo Peter olakpe davis@yahoo,com hessbrd260958@yahoo [email protected] Twitter: Mr.Dr. Olakpe Davies (@ Dr. Olakpe) Twitter: Mr. Peter Olakpe-Davies (@ Prinz 334102 NG) OLAKPE, Davies Peter Member IRC- Information Resource Center. IRC Member Number: 2071. United States Embassy Diplomatic Drive Central District Area Abuja . FCT Nigeria . West Africa. Since the Month of September ,2013. I am an Individual Registered as a Commercial Patent Historian / Frankfurt City and as Professional Historian by the IHK/Dax-German Chamber of Industry and Commerce, Married with a Son, resident as a German member of the EEA through My Son and Wife , in Frankfurt am Main . State of Hessen .Germany from 1992-2002. Married to Frau, Canali,Claudia(Olaakpe Davies,) ,the Mother of My natural Son -Child , Olakpe Davies ,Daniele Oro Afode (Canali Davis ). My Wife and Son are German(Germany) and Italian(Italy) They Parents of My Wife are German /Italian and they are : Mr.Emilio Canali and Pasqualina Canali (formerly Miss Pasqualina Rotelli) They are from Latina. Near Rome .Italy. I am looking forward to be bact to You. ABSTRACT. TOPIC : Terrorism . Issues Arising. In order to make laws about terrorism ,One needs a legal definition .Here is the one used by the United States Government The term terrorism means premediated ,politically motivated violence perpetuated against a noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandstine agents ,, usually intended to influence an audience . The term International terrorism means terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country . The term terrorism group means any group practicing or that have significant subgroups that practice International terrorism. The key part of this definition are that the violence is motivated by political consideration ,thet it targets noncombatant ( not soldiers engaged in military action ) and that its perpertuators are not part of government. Poliyical analysts , Security Councelors and White House Adviser Brian Jenkins gives a somewhat expanded version of definition of terrorism ,noting that : All terrorist acts are crimes ,many would also be violations of the rule of war ,If a state of war existed . All involve violence or the threat of violence ,often coupled with specific demand .The targets are mainly civilians . The motive are political .The actions generally are designed to achieve maximum publicity . The perpertrators are mainly members pf an organised group and unlike other criminals they often claim credit for the act ( This is true mark of terrorism ) And finally ,it is intrinsic to a terrorist act that it is usually intended to produce psychological effect far beyond the immdiate physical damage . The problem wjth these definitions is not that they are inacurate as far as they go ,but they are not complete enough to explain how terrorism relates to other forms of violence action by government itself. Although governments (which consider themselves to have a monopoly on legitimate forces ) never define their own actions as terrorism ,many analysts speak also of State terrorism In describing ,for example ,the use death squads by authoritarian Latin American governments to eliminate the political opposition as noted by linguist and activist Naom Chomsky : The term terrorism has come to be applied mainly to retail terrorism by individuals or groups . Whereas the term was once applied to Emperors who molest their own subjects and the world ,now it is restricted to thieves who molest the powerful . Extricating ourselves fro the system of indoctrination . We will use the term terrorism to refer to the threat or the use of violence to intimidate or coerce. ( generally for political ends ) whether it is the wholesale terrorism of the Emperor or the retail terrorism of the thief ? The discussion of terrorism ,then ,must encompass not only political violence initiated by groups fighting against governmebts , but also terroristic actions taken by governments themselves. TERRORISM AND GUERRILLA WAREFARE. If the relationship of terrorism to revvolutions seems difficult to pindown to the distinction between terrorism and guerrilla ( or uncoventional ) warfare is even more problematic. According to the U.S . Military ,this type of warfare consist of the following , A broad spectrum of military and paramilitary operations conducted in enemy-held ,enemy-vcontrolled or politically sensitive territory .Unconventional warfare includes, but is not limited to the interrelated fields of fuerrilla warfare ,evasion and escape ,subversion ,sabotage and other operations of low visibility ,covert or clandestine nature . These interrelated aspects of unconventional warefare may be prosecuted singly or collectltively by predominantly indegenous personnel ,usually supported and directed by (an) external source (s) during ,all conditions of war or peace ? Nongovernmental grouos also pracriced early forms of terrorism. REVOLUTION AND sTATE. While terror may have been common in the Ancient and Medival world ,the idea of terrorism as a political tactis can be traced to the 18th Century ,the beginning of the Modern age of revolution ,when terror was systematically linked to political philosophies . Frence revolutionaries such as Robespierre embraces terror as a tool for political transformation as part of a total revolution in society. One of the originaal justifications for terror was that man would be totally reconstructed ; One didnt have to worry about the kinds of means one was using because the reconstruction itself would be total and there would be lingering after-effects (modern ) terrorism was initiated by people who had Millennial expectations ,who expected the world to be ulterly transformed . To assert ,as the American Colonist and then the French did ,that the individual has inalienable right to suggest that extreme means may be necessary to secure or preserve these rights . Insurgents who felt themselves sufficiently justified could view terror as a means to attaining the transcentdent value of liberty . States such as revolutionary France ( and in the 20th century ,Revolutionart Russia ) The Arab spring of North Africa also embrace terror ,claiming that it was necessary inorder to preserve the revolution. TERRORISM AND ANARCHY. During the 19th century ,several forces led to the to tha development of terrorist groups in Europe (Particularly Russia ) and to a lesser extent the United States . The Ideas of Political Democracy and Liberalism were spreading . But at the same time ,Industrialization was was displacing large Masses of People from the rural economy to the factory, where harsh condition were typical and expliotative working conditions were typical . When workers tried to organize to demand better conditions ,the response was often brutal suppression by the government ,the employers private police or both. On response to this situation ,was Karl Marxs development of the idea of socialism . In Socialism , the people would own and benefit from the means of production . Karl Marx saw an inherent struggle between Workers and Capitalist that could only be resolved by a gradual process of revolution . He did not advocate Individual acts of terrorism ,but rather thoughts in terms of a mass movement. THE ANARCHIST IDEOLOGY. Another group known as anarchist sought more immediate and radical change . Anachists focused not on the masses but on the individual . They did not trust any government .Some anarchist believed in using peaceful means. Another anarchist , Karl Heinzen , a German has been more explict in his tactics . When the European revolutions of 1848 failed to dislodge conservative governments ,he concluded that revolutionaries could not successfully confront the government directly . Ibstead they had to create chaotic ,confused conditions that would paralyze authorities . The method he recomended for achieving this goal was wide spread indiscriminate use of bombs . In Russia bombing and assasination became persistent tatic of anarchist seeking to overthrow the Czar TERRORISM IN THE WESTERN DEMOCRACIES . ( United States of America , Europe - Italy , Spain ,Germany , France , Ireland and Turkey) Terrorist and Revolutionary activity were not confined to the developing nations (Third World ) however , The 1960s also saw a Leftist government ,mostly on the part of intellectuals and students , in both Western , Europe and the United States ,in both Western Europe and the United States . In France ,the movement also spread to the working class , while in the United States ,despite the effort of activists ,it remained vonfined mainly to the student antiwar effort , the Civil rights movements and black and brown power movement. Groups such as Germanys Red Army Faction , Frances Action Directe and Italys Red Brigades based their Ideology on Marxism - Leninism ,empharsizing action against the Government and Capitalist in Urban Centers. From the Mid- 1980s , the focus of terrorism in the western democracies seemed to shift from the left to the right . As Walter Lequeur Observes : Left wing Ideology was vitually all-pervasive in the 1970s and this was reflected in the propaganda of Nationalis group such as the IRA ,the Basque Sepratist ETA . During the 1980s .leftwing terrorism peteredout , a trend that conincided with the collapse of the Soviet bloc , though it was not caused by the collapse , Instead,the terrorist initiative of the Western countries ,such as the United States of America and also Germany and Turkey moved to the extreme right. Yesterdays theories about the progressive character of terrorism ceased to make sense and become ,infact ,embarassing . The burning of an hostel housing for refugee guest workers in Rostock, Germany could hardly be described anylonger as a liberating act ,Neither could the bombing of the World Trade Center in New York be interpreted as a prologue to revolution ,that would help the masses ,so also are recent bombing of a mall in Kenya ,East Africa and the Insurgencies in Subsaharan Africa ,especially by the Boko Haram in NIgeria,West Africa. In the future ,terrorism ,may come from both the Right and the Left in response to economic globalization . The left opposes the control of the worlds economic resources by Multinationals Cooperations and decries what it sees as the inability of Democratic Governments to hold the economic behermoths accountable. The Rights view globalization in the form of the United Nations and other Institutions as a threat to the Sovereignity of countries ,regions and localities. Extremist on both sides have shown their willingness to use violence inorder to be heard.
Posted on: Sat, 02 Nov 2013 12:58:26 +0000
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