Resistance Against the Spanish Rule Reasons for the Revolts 1. Refusal of Spanish authorities to grant reforms 2. Policy of the Spanish government not allowing the natives to learn the Spanish language 3. Religious intolerance of the friars 4. Imposition of the Polo, tribute and taxes 5. Monopolies and the Galleon Trade 6. Agrarian injustices and cases of land grabbing 7. Greed, cruelty and abuses committed by Spanish authorities The Filipino Revolts A. Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt Date: 1574 Setting: Tondo, Manila Leaders: Lakandula and Sulayman Cause(s): Gov. Guido de Lavezares refused to exempt Lakandula and his kin from payment of tributes and the confiscation of the natives’ patrimonial land awarded to them by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi as a token of friendship. Result(s): The natives launched a revolt that coincided with Limahong’s attacks. Through the intervention of Legazpi’s grandson Juan de Salcedo, the natives and their leaders were pacified with the condition that their lands would be retained and that they be exempted from payment of tributes. After the reconciliation, the natives helped the Spaniards in crushing the force of Limahong. B. Magat Salamat Conspiracy a.k.a. Tondo Conspiracy Date: 1587 Setting: Tondo, Manila Leaders: Magat Salamat, Agustin de Legazpi, Juan Banal (chieftain of Tondo) and Pedro Balingit (chieftain of Pandacan) Cause(s): The desire of the natives to regain the lost freedom of their forefathers Result(s): The conspiracy failed after one of the recruits squealed the information to Spanish authorities which resulted to the arrest of its leaders and their execution. C. Magalat Revolt Date: 1596 Setting: Cagayan Valley Leaders: Magalat Cause(s): Resentment of the natives in the payment of tribute and the implementation of the polo y servcio Result(s): The revolt for quite some time gave headaches to Spanish authorities; unfortunately, it was quelled after Magalat was assassinated. This is considered as the first authorized political assassination in Philippine history D. Sumoroy Revolt Date: 1649 to 1650 Setting: Palapag, Samar Leaders: Francisco Sumoroy Cause(s): The governor general ordered the alcalde mayors of Visayas to send able- bodied men to Cavite shipyards to build and repair galleons. The natives resented this for it also meant separation from their families. Result(s): The uprising spread throughout Samar and nearby provinces of Cebu, Masbate and as far as Northern Mindanao. But in July 1650, the revolt was crushed after Sumoroy and his men were enrouted in their fort. Sumoroy and his followers were arrested and executed. E. Revolt of the Irrayas Date: Date not mentioned Setting: Northern Isabela Leaders: Felix Cutabay and Gabriel Dayag Cause(s): Oppression committed by the Spanish authorities and the encomienderos Result(s): At first, the uprising was bloody and killed oppressive encomienderos and abusive officials. However, reconciliation took place through the intervention of Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas. As a result, two additional towns were founded—Maquila and Cabagan—two new settlements of the Irrayas. F. Igorot Revolt Date: 1601 Setting: Cordillera region Leader(s): Igorot chieftain Cause(s): Resistance to Christianity Result(s): The natives executed Farther Esteban Marin, the curate of Batac Ilocos. Afterwards, Capitan Mateo Aranda sent a punitive expeditionary force to crush the revolt and punish the killer of his curate friend. The Igorot revolt was easily quelled G. Tamblot Revolt Date: 1621 Setting: Bohol Leader(s): A babaylan named Tamblot Cause(s): Religious intolerance of the Catholic authorities after the natives opted to return to their ancestral religion. Result(s): Tamblot revolt was crushed by he combined force of 1,000 Cebuano and 50 Spanish soldiers. H. Bankaw Uprising Date: 1621 Setting: Leyte Leader(s): Bankaw Cause(s): Religious intolerance of the Catholic authorities after the natives opted to return to their ancestral religion. Result(s): Bankaw uprising was crushed by he combined force of 1,000 Cebuano and 50 Spanish soldiers. Bankaw and his sons perished in the battle I. Tapar Revolt Date: 1663 Setting: Oton, Panay Leader(s): Sorcerer named Tapar Cause(s): Establishment of a religious cult with fanatic peasants as members. Result(s): After Fray Francisco de Mesa rejected the cult, and was killed by Tapar’s men, the authorities sent punitive expeditions and launched bloody encounters. This uprising was quelled after Tapar and his aides were killed. Their bodies were mutilated and publicly humiliated. J. Maniago Revolt Date: 1660 Setting: Pampanga Leader(s): Francisco Maniago Cause(s): • Maniago and his followers resented the frequent recruitment of men to cut timbers in the mountains for the construction of galleons. • Opposition to the exaction of bandala that highly contributed to the miserable plight of the natives. Result(s): The revolt spread almost in the entire province and could have spread all over Central Luzon had Makapagal; a Macabebe leader cooperated and fought with Maniago. Governor Manrique de Lara bribed Macapagal to remain loyal with the Spanish authorities. Through the intervention Fray Andres Salazar, Maniago vowed to surrender after making known his demands such as the following: 1. General amnesty to rebels 2. Payment of 200,000 reales to the rebels as what the government owed them. 3. Cutting of timber could be continued provided that the natives be given time to attend to their other respective affairs. Reconciliation was achieved. K. Malong Revolt Date: 1660 to 1661 Setting: Binalatongan or San Carlos Pangasinan Leader(s): Andres Malong Cause(s): Freedom from Spanish colonizer and the founding of a kingdom with himself as King. Result(s): The rebels killed several Spanish authorities and Malong proclaimed himself as King of Pangasinan. He appointed Pedro Gumapos as his count and Melchor de Vera as the General of his army. Malong enticed thousands of followers whom he sent beyond the borders of Pangasinan. This was a blunder on the part of Malong, for what he did was a tactical error, after a minimal force was left to the seat of his government in Pangasinan. When the Spaniards sent their troops to Pangasinan, Malong’s men were defeated and he retreated to the mountains but was persistently pursued. He was captured and executed in 1661. L. Ilocos Uprising Date: 1661 Setting: Ilocos province Leader(s): Pedro Almazan Cause(s): Freedom from Spanish colonizer and the founding of a kingdom with himself as King Result(s): The uprising failed when its leaders were captured and execution. M. Dagohoy Rebellion Date: 1744 to 1829 Setting: Bohol Leader(s): Francisco Dagohoy Cause(s): Refusal of Fray Gaspar Morales to give a Christian and decent burial to Dagohoy’s brother who died in the line of duty. Result(s): This was successful among all the rebellions and lasted for about 85 years N. Silang Rebellion Date: 1762 to 1763 Setting: Ilocos Province Leader(s): Diego and Gabriela Silang Cause(s): People’s demand to the abolition of the hated bandala and the ousting of their abusive alcalde mayor, Antonio Zabala Result(s): Silang and his followers were able to expel Spaniards out of Vigan and tried to negotiate with the British to seek their help in totally expelling the Spaniards out the county. Unfortunately, Silang was assassinated by his own men in exchange to a handsome price. His fight was continued by Gabriela with but Gabriela due to her limitations was also captured and executed by the Spaniards O. Ibanag Revolt Date: 1763 Setting: Isabela and Cagayan Leader(s): Juan Marayag and Dabo Cause(s): Natives declared their independence and refused to pay tributes Result(s): It did not last long after Lt. Governor Manuel de Arza ordered is Filipino mercenaries to suppress it. P. Herman Pule Rebellion Date: 1840 to 1841 Setting: Lukban, Quezon Leader(s): Apolinario de la Cruz a.ka. Herman Pule Cause(s): Religious intolerance of the Catholic authorities on the establishment of the Cofradia de San Jose, a religious brotherhood, fostering Christianity open only to he natives. Result(s): Spanish authorities ordered the persecution of Hermano Pule and his followers. Defenseless men, women and children were massacred. Pule was executed and his corpse was put into public display. Failure of the Revolts 1. Absence of national consciousness 2. Divide and conquer policy that was applied by he Spaniards 3. The archipelagic nature of the Philippines which hindered communications and simultaneous actions. 4. Absence of a national leader 5. Superiority of Spanish arms. 6. Betrayals and Assassination. credits goes to ROMEO JAVIER, JR. Thanks a lot,
Posted on: Sun, 31 Aug 2014 07:43:23 +0000
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