The boy beside the tree is late (qualified subject); The boy should not be late (modified copula); The boy is 10 minutes late (qualified predicate). Complex Composite Single Categorical Proposition a. Complex Composite Single Categorical Proposition is identified by complex term. Complex terms qualifies restriction, comparison, specification, or explicative. Examples: The boy beside the tree is late; The boy is 10 minutes late. b. Modal modifies the copula to express the manner in which the predicate belongs to the subject. The objective connections are: i. Necessary, predicate must belong to the subject: A circle is round. ii. Impossible, predicate cannot or does not belong to the subject: A square cannot be round. iii. Possible, predicate may not belong to the subject but it can or might be: A ring can be round. iv. Contingent, Predicate belongs to the subject, but it need not be: Students need not be lazy. Exercise 2 Rewrite the following sentences into the required modal proposition: 1. Mario is studying for the final examinations. (necessary) 2. Julie is running the 400-meter event. (possible) 3. Pinky is wearing a blue dress. (contingent) 4. Magno eats stones for breakfast. (impossible) 2. Multiple Categorical Propositions Multiple Categorical Propositions have 2 or more sentences that directly attribute its predicate to the subject. A. Overtly Multiple Categorical Proposition are palinly and openly composed of 2 or more propositions. a. Copulative has 2 or more subjects and predicates combined into one: Jack and Jill are friends. b. Adversative has 2 or more propositions united in opposition of each other by conjunction but, although, or yet: Your mother is beautiful but you are not. c. Relative expresses a relationship of time and place between 2 sentences: He went home after going to the store. d. Causal gives a reason or cause in the proposition as qualified by for or because: He is here because he loves you. e. Comparative compares the relation between the subject and predicate in such degree as less, equal or greater. B. Covertly Multiple Categorical Propositions have an appearance of a single proposition but is actually a multiple proposition, appearing as single but in fact multiple. a. Exclusive indicates exclusion of any predicate from its subject or any subject from its predicate, qualified by only, alone, solely none-but: Only you can make my dream come true. b. Exceptive indicates the portion of the extension of the predicate does not apply to the subject, or that a portion of the extension of the subject does apply to the predicate; qualified by except and save. Example: All persons except one are in white dresses. c. Reduplicative contains an expression that duplicate the subject or predicate giving it special emphasis, and that there is a reasonable connection between the subject and the predicate where the predicate is essential to the subject: Man, as man, is a rational being. d. Specificative contains an expression that duplicates the subject or predicate giving it special emphasis, and that there is no necessary connection between the subject and the predicate; the predicate is not an essential attribute of the subject: John, as a college student, participated in the intramurals. Exercise 3 A. Construct the exclusive propositions of the following: 1. Good students will pass and no others will pass. 2. Males can be fathers and no one else can be fathers. 3. The poor die of Cancer and no one dies of Cancer. B. Construct the expensive propositions of the following: 1. One soldier was not killed in the ambush but all were killed. 2. There is only one good student in this class, the others are not. 3. St. John was not martyred but all the Apostles were martyred. C. Give the reduplicative or specificative propositions: 1. Man is an animal and he is rational. 2. MJ is a basketball player playing for the Wizards. 3. Men are creatures of God whom God loves. 3 Hypothetical Propositions Hypothetical Propositions are always multiple propositions expressing dependence of one affirmation or denial on another affirmation or denial. A. Conditional hypothetical proposition expresses a condition called “if” proposition. Part of the proposition is the condition (antecedent) and the other the conditioned (consequent). Example: If there is no God, the world cannot exist. B. Disjunctive contains “either/or” statement indicating that one must be true or not. C. Conjunctive expresses a judgment that 2 alternative assumptions are not and cannot be true simultaneously: A body cannot be in motion and at rest at the same time.
Posted on: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 09:46:36 +0000
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